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103 Theme 3 > Lecture 1: Intro to the CVS > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Intro to the CVS Flashcards

1
Q

what is syncope

A

fainting due to low blood pressure

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2
Q

how is pulmonary circulation described

A

series, blood flows through one capillary system and then the next

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3
Q

how is systemic circulation described

A

parallel, lots of branching and blood flows either through one capillary system or another

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4
Q

what is the blood pressure equation

A

blood pressure = cardiac output x peripheral resistance

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5
Q

when measuring blood pressure, how do you know you’ve reached systolic blood pressure

A

when you start hearing sounds

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6
Q

when measuring blood pressure, how do you know you’ve reached diastolic blood pressure

A

when you stop hearing sounds

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7
Q

function of aorta

A

stretch and recoil to store energy from the heart contractions

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8
Q

function of arteries

A

distribute, adjust volume

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9
Q

function of arterioles

A

regulate blood flow into capillaries, set resistance and blood pressure

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10
Q

function of capillaries

A

exchange

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11
Q

function of venules

A

collect blood, some exchange

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12
Q

function of veins

A

reservoir for blood, muscle pump (contains 64% of blood in body)

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13
Q

composition of an artery from innermost to outermost

A
  • tunica intima (made up of endothelium, basement membrane and lamina propria)
  • tunica media (made of smooth muscle and elastic fibres)
  • tunica adventitia (made of connective tissue)
  • if it is a large vessel, has vasa vasorum on the outside for blood supply
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14
Q

what does the cross section of the right heart look like

A

crescent, thin wall

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15
Q

what does the cross section of the left heart look like

A

circular, thick wall

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16
Q

what is systole

A

ventricle contraction, blood ejected

17
Q

what is diastole

A

ventricle relaxation, blood fills ventricles

18
Q

what is the apex beat

A

at systole, the apex of the heart moves forward and strikes the chest wall

19
Q

when do valves open and close

A
  • open when pressure is high on inflow side

- close when pressure is higher on outflow side

20
Q

features of atrioventricular valves

A
  • close during systole
  • have papillary fibres to prevent prolapse
  • responsible for S1 or “lub” sound
21
Q

features and examples of semilunar valves

A
  • eg aortic and pulmonary
  • close during diastole
  • reponsible for S2 or “dub” sound
22
Q

what do the kidneys control

A
  • blood volume

- concentration of salts, ions and electrolytes

23
Q

what is glomerular filtration rate

A
  • fluid entering all Bowman’s capsules in both kidneys

- measured in ml / min

24
Q

what is hypoxia

A

insufficient oxygen supply to a region

25
Q

what is anoxia

A

no oxygen supply to a region

26
Q

what is hypoxaemia

A

insufficient oxygen supply to whole system

27
Q

what can cause hypoxaemia

A
  • low haemoglobin
  • tissue consumption is too much for blood flow
  • lung failure of gas exchange or issue in breathing
28
Q

what is ischaemia

A

insufficient blood flow to a region

29
Q

what causes ischaemia

A
  • vessel constriction, closure or clogging
  • insufficient blood volume eg in haemorrhage
  • insufficient pressure generation from heart
30
Q

what is angina pectoris

A
  • chest pain due to over exertion of damaged heart tissue

- caused by ischaemia of heart tissue due to an obstruction of a coronary artery

31
Q

what is a myocardial infarction

A
  • death of one region in the heart
  • causes sudden crushing pain
  • results from occlusion of a coronary artery
32
Q

treatment of myocardial infarction

A
  • immediate reperfusion, eg PCI

- drug treatments are morphine, oxygen, nitrates and aspirin (MONA)

33
Q

what is heart failure

A
  • aka pump failure
  • heart pumps out insufficient blood
  • symptoms are fatigue, dyspnoea and oedema
  • generally results from myocardial infarctions
34
Q

what is shock

A
  • critically low perfusion

- affects cerebral and renal function

35
Q

what is syncope

A
  • fainting due to insufficient blood flow to the brain

- often caused by heart malfunctions eg shock or arrhythmia

103 Theme 3 (17 decks)

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