Lecture 3 Flashcards
What are nutrients used for ?
for metabolism and the production of energy
What are the 6 nutrients ?
1.Carbohydrates
2. lipids
3. proteins
4. vitamins
5. minerals
6. water
What is ATP ?
the source of energy your body produces from food
Macronutrients
nutrients the body needs in bigger amounts like carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins (used for energy measured in calories)
Micronutrients
nutrients the body needs in smaller amounts like vitamins and minerals ( regulates the metabolism )
classification for carbohydrates
Simple :
monosaccharides
disaccharides
oligosaccharides
Complex:
polysaccharides
What is added to a monosaccharide to create a disaccharide ?
glucose
what do monosaccharides consist of ?
Glucose
Fructose
galactose
ribose
what do disaccharides consist of ?
sucrose
maltose
lactose
what do polysaccharides consist of ?
starch
cellulose
amylopectine
glycogen
amylose
where is glycogen stored ?
in the liver and muscles
hydrolysis
molecules breakup into glucose
where is ribose found ?
in DNA
where is fructose found ?
in fruits
where is galactose found ?
in milk
where is glucose found ?
sweet wine
What is starch composed of and how is it broken down ?
composed of amylose and amylopectin and are broken down by our intestines
Can cellulose be broken down ?
it cannot be digested by humans
Pathway of cellulose
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
good bacteria
how many units are in a monosaccharides ?
single units
How many units are in a disaccharides ?
two units
how many units are in a polysaccharides
many units
dehydration
the removal of a water molecule to form a new covalent bond
hydrolysis
reversed dehydration, so instead of removing water molecules, water molecules need to be added
which of the following is a non-digestible polysaccharide ?
- glucose
-sucrose
- starch
-cellulose
-lactose
monomers are put together into polymeric chains by reaction of :
-hydrolysis
-dehydration
-hydration
-hydrogenation
What are proteins
consist of amino acids formed by peptide bonds
peptide bonds
also known an amino bond formed between 2 amino acids (bond is. a. dehydration reaction)
3 Peptide Classification
- Dipeptide
- Oligopeptide
- Polypeptide
dipeptide
2 amino acids
oligopeptide
up to 20 amino acids
polypeptide
over 20 amino acids
Primary functions of a protein
-building tissue
-repairing tissue
-formation of enzymes
-fluid balance
protein receptors
messenger molecules that start cell changes
protein enzymes
proteins that speed up chemical reactions
specific-shapped molecule
it will either fit with another molecule meaning reaction goes forward, if it doesn’t then nothing happens
function and job of each protein depends on its 3-D shape
primary level of protein structure
structure dictates the function of the protein
secondary level of protein structure
polypeptide chains are folded into either alpha helix or a beta
tertiary level of protein structure
3-D configuration of the polypeptide corresponding to a specific protein giving it a basic function
quaternary level of protein structure
protein is not always functional having a tertiary structure
to be functional many proteins need to be activated before they carry out their role in an organism
Histology
study of tissues
epithelium
composed of one or more layers of cells
classified by cell shape and arrangement.
classification of tissues
- epithelial
- connective
- muscle
- nervous
