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HUNT243 Exam > Lecture 25: Sarcopenia and Sarcopenia Obesity > Flashcards

Lecture 25: Sarcopenia and Sarcopenia Obesity Flashcards

1
Q

How do we decrease muscle mass loss?

A

By reaching peak muscle mass in early life

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2
Q

When is maximum strength obtained?

A

20 years old

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3
Q

What happens to maximal leg strength over time?

A

Linear decline

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4
Q

What is the difference in strength changes with ageing in strength-trained men and untrained men?

A
  • Higher strength overall
  • Slower decline and less of a decline
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5
Q

What are specific age-related changes in strength?

A
  • Decrease in size and length of muscle fibres
  • Loss of type 2 fibres
  • Resistance to anabolic signals from exercise and protein
  • Decrease angle of insertion leads to reduced force and velocity
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6
Q

When does fat peak?

A

At about 55 years old

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7
Q

Muscle vs. Fat over time

A
  • Muscle declines over time from around 20
  • Fat increases from around 20, peaks at 55 and then begins to decline again
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8
Q

Sarcopenia causes decreased…

A

Strength, power and muscular endurance

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9
Q

Decreased strength leads to…

A

Increased difficulty with weight-bearing tasks

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10
Q

Decreased power leads to…

A

Increased risk of falls and fractures

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11
Q

Decreased muscular endurance leads to…

A

Increased fatiguability and exercise difficulty

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12
Q

Ultimately, sarcopenia leads to…

A

Decreased PA and increase Disability

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13
Q

In an obesity study, Participants with sarcopenic obesity (SO) at baseline were…

A

2-3 times more likely to report onset of IADL disability during follow up

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14
Q

What is IADL?

A

Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL)

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15
Q

What is the RR risk for incident disability with sarcopenic obesity?

A

2.63

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16
Q

Higher fat and lower muscle area causes what to be worse?

A

Lower extremity function
- Poorer function and performance

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17
Q

In physical testing people who were sarcopenic obese had poorer functioning on what tests in comparison to all other groups?

A
  • Chair stand
  • Step test
  • Timed up and gos (TUG)
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18
Q

What does the body composition of a sarcopenic body look like under a DXA scan?

A

Sarcopenic doesn’t have much muscle, but also doesn’t have much fat

19
Q

What does the body composition of a sarcopenic-obese body look like under a DXA scan?

A

Sarcopenic obese doesn’t have much muscle and has a lot of fat

20
Q

What does the body composition of an obese body look like under a DXA scan?

A

Obese has quite a lot of muscle and lots of fat

21
Q

What is the EWGSOP2 Algorithm?

A

a diagnostic framework for identifying and diagnosing sarcopenia

22
Q

What is SARC-F?

A

Screening tool for sarcopenia

23
Q

What is ASM?

A

Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass

24
Q

How is sarcopenia measured?

A

Percent body fat / ASM

25
Q

What is the role of exercise in the prevention of sarcopenia?

A

particularly resistance and strength training, plays a vital role in preventing sarcopenia by preserving muscle mass, strength, and function in older adults

26
Q

What are Cruz-Jentoff studies?

A

Evaluating exercise or nutrition interventions needed before treatment guidelines can be developed

27
Q

What do Cruz-Jentoff studies recommend?

A
  • Physicians should screen for sarcopenia in both community and geriatric settings, with diagnosis based on muscle mass and function
  • Supervised resistance exercise is recommended for individuals with sarcopenia
28
Q

What are Dension studies?

A

Nutrition and exercise interventions were combined

29
Q

What did Dension studies find?

A

Enhanced benefits of exercise training when combined with supplementation have been shown in some trials
- but evidence is inconsistent

30
Q

What are Vliestra studies?

A

Meta-analysis exercise interventions on body composition, muscle strength and functional outcomes in older adults with sarcopenia

31
Q

What did Vlietstra meta-analysis reveal?

A
  • Knee-extension, TUG, appendicular muscle mass, leg muscle mass significantly improved
  • Handgrip strength, gait speed, muscle mass and body fat did not
32
Q

What are Beaudart 2017 studies?

A

PA and dietary supplementation protocols

33
Q

What did Beaudart 2017 studies find?

A

Mixed results, some muscle strength and mass increases
- Supplementation seemed to be less effective

34
Q

What is the central hypothesis of weight loss and exercise in frail older adults?

A
  • Weight loss will improve physical function and quality of life
  • The addition of exercise will augment improvement in these outcomes
  • Attenuate the adverse effects of weight loss on muscle mass and bone mass
35
Q

What did an Otago study find?

A
  • Weight loss alone improved body fat and function
  • Weight loss PLUS exercise preserved muscle mass and function (better outcome than weight loss alone)
36
Q

What is LITOE?

A

Lifestyle intervention trial in obese elderly

37
Q

What did LITOE find?

A
  • Frailty and physical performance improves with exercise and weight loss
  • Overarching hypothesis (PPT) significantly improved by weight loss + resistance training
38
Q

What were the overall conclusions of the otago study?

A
  • Combined aerobic and resistance exercise and resistance exercise but not aerobic exercise alone was effective in lessening loss of muscle and hip bone mineral
39
Q

Weight loss should be combined with aerobic and resistance exercise to…

A

Optimally improve physical function and protect against bone and muscle loss during weight-loss therapy in frail older adults

40
Q

People with sarcopenic-obesity are difficult to identify using…

A

Clinical measures such as BMI

41
Q

Physical function is worse in people with…

A

Obesity or sarcopenia

42
Q

Older adults respond to and tolerate…

A

Moderately to intense exercise
- slow progression is essential

43
Q

What type of exercise is more effective in reversing and possibly slowing the onset of sarcopenia?

A

Resistance exercise

HUNT243 Exam (18 decks)

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