Lecture 25: Sarcopenia and Sarcopenia Obesity Flashcards

1
Q

How do we decrease muscle mass loss?

A

By reaching peak muscle mass in early life

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2
Q

When is maximum strength obtained?

A

20 years old

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3
Q

What happens to maximal leg strength over time?

A

Linear decline

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4
Q

What is the difference in strength changes with ageing in strength-trained men and untrained men?

A
  • Higher strength overall
  • Slower decline and less of a decline
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5
Q

What are specific age-related changes in strength?

A
  • Decrease in size and length of muscle fibres
  • Loss of type 2 fibres
  • Resistance to anabolic signals from exercise and protein
  • Decrease angle of insertion leads to reduced force and velocity
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6
Q

When does fat peak?

A

At about 55 years old

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7
Q

Muscle vs. Fat over time

A
  • Muscle declines over time from around 20
  • Fat increases from around 20, peaks at 55 and then begins to decline again
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8
Q

Sarcopenia causes decreased…

A

Strength, power and muscular endurance

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9
Q

Decreased strength leads to…

A

Increased difficulty with weight-bearing tasks

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10
Q

Decreased power leads to…

A

Increased risk of falls and fractures

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11
Q

Decreased muscular endurance leads to…

A

Increased fatiguability and exercise difficulty

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12
Q

Ultimately, sarcopenia leads to…

A

Decreased PA and increase Disability

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13
Q

In an obesity study, Participants with sarcopenic obesity (SO) at baseline were…

A

2-3 times more likely to report onset of IADL disability during follow up

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14
Q

What is IADL?

A

Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL)

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15
Q

What is the RR risk for incident disability with sarcopenic obesity?

A

2.63

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16
Q

Higher fat and lower muscle area causes what to be worse?

A

Lower extremity function
- Poorer function and performance

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17
Q

In physical testing people who were sarcopenic obese had poorer functioning on what tests in comparison to all other groups?

A
  • Chair stand
  • Step test
  • Timed up and gos (TUG)
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18
Q

What does the body composition of a sarcopenic body look like under a DXA scan?

A

Sarcopenic doesn’t have much muscle, but also doesn’t have much fat

19
Q

What does the body composition of a sarcopenic-obese body look like under a DXA scan?

A

Sarcopenic obese doesn’t have much muscle and has a lot of fat

20
Q

What does the body composition of an obese body look like under a DXA scan?

A

Obese has quite a lot of muscle and lots of fat

21
Q

What is the EWGSOP2 Algorithm?

A

a diagnostic framework for identifying and diagnosing sarcopenia

22
Q

What is SARC-F?

A

Screening tool for sarcopenia

23
Q

What is ASM?

A

Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass

24
Q

How is sarcopenia measured?

A

Percent body fat / ASM

25
What is the role of exercise in the prevention of sarcopenia?
particularly resistance and strength training, plays a vital role in preventing sarcopenia by preserving muscle mass, strength, and function in older adults
26
What are Cruz-Jentoff studies?
Evaluating exercise or nutrition interventions needed before treatment guidelines can be developed
27
What do Cruz-Jentoff studies recommend?
- Physicians should screen for sarcopenia in both community and geriatric settings, with diagnosis based on muscle mass and function - Supervised resistance exercise is recommended for individuals with sarcopenia
28
What are Dension studies?
Nutrition and exercise interventions were combined
29
What did Dension studies find?
Enhanced benefits of exercise training when combined with supplementation have been shown in some trials - but evidence is inconsistent
30
What are Vliestra studies?
Meta-analysis exercise interventions on body composition, muscle strength and functional outcomes in older adults with sarcopenia
31
What did Vlietstra meta-analysis reveal?
- Knee-extension, TUG, appendicular muscle mass, leg muscle mass significantly improved - Handgrip strength, gait speed, muscle mass and body fat did not
32
What are Beaudart 2017 studies?
PA and dietary supplementation protocols
33
What did Beaudart 2017 studies find?
Mixed results, some muscle strength and mass increases - Supplementation seemed to be less effective
34
What is the central hypothesis of weight loss and exercise in frail older adults?
- Weight loss will improve physical function and quality of life - The addition of exercise will augment improvement in these outcomes - Attenuate the adverse effects of weight loss on muscle mass and bone mass
35
What did an Otago study find?
- Weight loss alone improved body fat and function - Weight loss PLUS exercise preserved muscle mass and function (better outcome than weight loss alone)
36
What is LITOE?
Lifestyle intervention trial in obese elderly
37
What did LITOE find?
- Frailty and physical performance improves with exercise and weight loss - Overarching hypothesis (PPT) significantly improved by weight loss + resistance training
38
What were the overall conclusions of the otago study?
- Combined aerobic and resistance exercise and resistance exercise but not aerobic exercise alone was effective in lessening loss of muscle and hip bone mineral
39
Weight loss should be combined with aerobic and resistance exercise to...
Optimally improve physical function and protect against bone and muscle loss during weight-loss therapy in frail older adults
40
People with sarcopenic-obesity are difficult to identify using...
Clinical measures such as BMI
41
Physical function is worse in people with...
Obesity or sarcopenia
42
Older adults respond to and tolerate...
Moderately to intense exercise - slow progression is essential
43
What type of exercise is more effective in reversing and possibly slowing the onset of sarcopenia?
Resistance exercise