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HUNT243 Exam > Lecture 22: Adult Body Weight and Obesity > Flashcards

Lecture 22: Adult Body Weight and Obesity Flashcards

1
Q

What is modifiable nutrition for cancer? (5)

A

Carcinogenic diet:
- Decreased fruit and veges
- Decreased antioxidants
- Decreased fibre
- Increased fat intake
- Alcohol

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2
Q

What is modifiable nutrition for heart diease? (5)

A

Atherogenic diet:
- Increased sat fat intake
- Increased trans fatty acids
- Decreased fruit and veges
- Decreased antioxidants
- Decreased fibre

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3
Q

What modifiable nutrition for obesity? (4)

A

Obesogenic diet:
- Increased energy intake
- Increased fat intake
- Increased sugar sweetened beverage
- Increased fast food

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4
Q

What is modifiable nutrition for diabetes?

A

Atherogenic and Obesogenic diet

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5
Q

What is the body weight statement from the NZ Guidelines? (non-pregnant)

A

Making good choices about what you eat and drink and being physically active are important to achieve and maintain a healthy body weight

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6
Q

What is the body weight statement from the NZ Guidelines? (Pregnant)

A

When you are pregnant, talk to your midwife or doctor about the right amount of weight to gain during pregnancy. This amount is different for each person.

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7
Q

Those of healthy weight are more likely to stay…

A

Active

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8
Q

People at a healthy weight are at a lower risk of developing what?

A
  • T2DM
  • Heart disease
  • Cancer
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Sleep apnoea
  • Fertility problems
  • Stroke
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9
Q

What is excess body weight associated with? (6)

A
  • Insulin resistance
  • Altered glucose metabolism
  • Hyperlipidemia
  • Hypertension
  • Hormone imbalance
  • Pressure on joints
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10
Q

Why is there some different population cut offs for BMI?

A

Because some associations between BMI (%body fat) and health outcomes are different

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11
Q

Why do some asian subpopulations have different BMI cut-offs?

A

Because they have a higher risk of diabetes and CVD at lower BMI
- higher proportion of body fat at the same BMI

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12
Q

What are the BMI cutoffs for asian subpopulations?

A

<18.5 = underweight
18.5 - 22.9 = normal
23 - 24.9 = overweight
>25 = obese

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13
Q

What are strengths of BMI?

A
  • Easy to use
  • Non-invasive
  • Standardised cut offs for classifying underweight, overweight and obesity
  • Strongly correlated with body fat levels (using DEXA or MRI)
  • An accurate predictor or morbidity and mortality associated with obesity
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14
Q

What are the limitations of BMI?

A
  • Measure of excess weight rather than excess fat
  • Does not provide proportions of fat and fat-free mass
  • Poor indication of fat distribution and central adiposity
  • Age, sex, ethnicity and lean mass influence relationship between BMI and body fat
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15
Q

In a study of rugby players, what proportion were considered obese?

A

42%
- Showing it is not a useful measure for some subpopulations such as athletes

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16
Q

What is the prevalence of obesity among NZ adults?

A

32.6%

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17
Q

Of adults, which subgroup has the highest prevalence?

A

55-64

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18
Q

What is the prevalence of overweight and obesity among NZ adults?

A

65.5%

19
Q

What does the prevalence of obesity in NZ adults look like over time?

A

Was gaining before COVID

20
Q

What does the prevalence of overweight and obesity in NZ adults look like over time?

A

Slight decline, unsure how to tell due to covid missing data

21
Q

What happens to Weight and BMI during adult life?

A

Gradually increase

22
Q

When is peak weight and BMI reached?

A

Between 50-59 years of age

23
Q

When does weight and BMI begin to decline?

A

After the age of 60 years

24
Q

What does adipose tissue protect?

A

Bones

25
Q

What are the functions of adipose tissue? (4)

A
  • Contributes to thermal insulation
  • Fills space between structures/protects
  • Largest repository of energy in the body
  • Production of cytokines (adipokines)
26
Q

Why is thermal insulation important?

A

Important for temperature regulation

27
Q

What space does adipose tissue fill/protect?

A
  • Between organs
  • Aids fit of heart valves
  • Pads on heels and palms
28
Q

What type of fat makes up adipose tissue?

A

Triglycerides

29
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Cell signalling proteins involved in the regulation of inflammation and immune responses

30
Q

What two hormones interact closely with cytokines?

A

Adiponectin and Leptin

31
Q

What is the function of adiponectin?

A

Involved in regulation of glucose levels and fatty acid breakdown

32
Q

Cytokines can be…

A

Anti or pro-inflammatory

33
Q

As we see increasing adipose tissue, we see…

A

Increasing risk from complications
- It has its roles, but if we have too much this increases risk for chronic diseases (e.g. diabetes, heart disease, obesity)

34
Q

How does adipose relate to mechanical stress?

A
  • Increasing adipose tissue increases stress on joints
  • Lessens bodies ability to manage day to day activities
  • Mechanical stress can increase risk for conditions such as Goud, stress on organs, gastrointestinal reflux
35
Q

How do we reduce weight bias?

A
  • Assess own attitudes and beliefs and how they impact on practicing nutrition
  • Recognise internalised weight bias (bias towards oneself)
36
Q

What should you avoid doing to reduce weight bias?

A
  • Using judgemental words, images and practices
  • Avoid making assumptions that a complaint/illness a patient presents is related to their weight
37
Q

What is people first language?

A

Don’t label the individual with their disease
- They are a man with obesity not an obese man

38
Q

What are the clinical practice guidelines for obesity management? (5 steps)

A
  1. Ask permission to discuss weight
  2. Assess their story
  3. Advise on management
  4. Agree on goals
  5. Assist with drivers and barriers
39
Q

What is the Edmonton obesity staging system?

A

4stage classification tool that assesses obesity based on associated health complications, rather than just BMI

40
Q

Literature has a heavy focus on interventions for…

A

“weight loss”
- Move away from just weight loss and focus on healthy habits and quality of life

41
Q

Obesity interventions need…

A

Multi-level interventions across the span of an individuals life

42
Q

What is the mean difference in weight 12 months after providing weight management program in primary care vs no intervention?

A

Intervention saw loss of around 2.5kg per year

43
Q

What is “WHO acceleration plan to stop obesity”?

A

global initiative aimed at rapidly reducing obesity rates

HUNT243 Exam (19 decks)

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