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HUNT243 Exam > Lecture 19: Adult Nutrition > Flashcards

Lecture 19: Adult Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

When does adulthood span?

A

From early 20s to early 60s

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2
Q

When is early adulthood?

A

20s-30s

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3
Q

What occurs during early adulthood?

A

Becoming independent, leaving home, employment/career, choosing a partner, having children, renewed interest in nutrition

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4
Q

When is midlife?

A

40s

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5
Q

What occurs during midlife?

A

Family responsibilities, work, managing schedules, awareness of one’s mortality

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6
Q

When is the sandwich generation?

A

50s

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7
Q

What occurs during the sandwich generation?

A

Multigenerational care (children and aging parents), maintaining career, possible health issues or prevention of

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8
Q

When is later adulthood?

A

Early 60s

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9
Q

What occurs during later adulthood?

A

Transition to retirement, more leisure and physical activity time, food choices and nutrition become forefront particularly in the case of chronic disease

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10
Q

Malnutrition can result from…

A

Genetic factors, disease states as well as poor diet

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11
Q

What hormonal changes occur for females during adulthood?

A

Climacteric changes - end of reproduction (approx. 50y)
- Perimenopause -> Menopause

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12
Q

What hormonal changes occur for males during adulthood?

A

Testosterone levels and muscle mass in males will decline after age 30 years

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13
Q

What is perimenopause?

A

Transitional phase between normal menstruation and menopause

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14
Q

What is perimenopause characterised by?

A

Differences in cycle length, hormonal fluctuations (decline in estrogen)

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15
Q

What are symptoms of perimenopause?

A
  • Hot flushes
  • Mood disturbance
  • Menstrual cycle disturbance (heavy bleeding)
  • Fatigue
  • Anxiety/Depression
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16
Q

Why is it important to recognise perimenopause symptoms?

A

Because perimenopause causes many risk factors for chronic disease changes
- decrease in estrogen is the cause for most of these risk factors

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17
Q

What risk factors for chronic disease changes does perimenopause cause? (5)

A
  • Accelerated bone loss
  • Increase in abdominal fat (central adiposity)
  • Changes in lipid profile
  • Altered glucose metabolism
  • Increased risk of CVD
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18
Q

What is the main focus for perimenopause treatment?

A

Focus on prevention of chronic disease risks:
- Excess weight
- Altered lipids
- Risk of CVD

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19
Q

How do we prevent bone loss?

A

Look at dietary intake of calcium, Vitamin D status
- Supplementation?

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20
Q

How do we prevent excess weight, altered lipids, risk of CVD?

A

Through healthy eating and activity advice

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21
Q

What is the average age that menopause starts?

A

51 years

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22
Q

What is menopause?

A
  • Stop having monthly periods
  • Ovaries stop working as there is no more eggs
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23
Q

What can menopause be caused by?

A

Ovaries being removed (surgical menopause), or could be from chemotherapy or radiation

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24
Q

What can earlier menopause be caused by?

A

Smoking or hysterectomy

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25
Q

What is menopause earlier than normal caused by?

A

Premature ovarian insufficiency = before 40 years old

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26
Q

What are the first signs of menopause?

A

Periods being closer together or further apart, they could become heavier
- Could also see hot flushes and sweats (most women don’t see this until periods have stopped)

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27
Q

What causes most of the symptoms of menopause?

A

the fallen estrogen

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28
Q

Other than period changes and hot flushes, what are other symptoms of menopause?

A

Sleep disturbances, joint pain and fatigue, heightened anxiety, mood changes, vaginal dryness, overactive or discomfort in bladder

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29
Q

How long do symptoms last?

A

5-10 years

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30
Q

50% of women in their 60s are…

A

still experiencing symptoms and 10% of these women’s explain these as being severe

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31
Q

Menopause will affect every women with…

A

Varying severity

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32
Q

What are ways to help menopause symptoms?

A
  • Menopausal Hormone Therapy
  • Improving diet
  • Regular exercise
  • Stop smoking
  • Psychological treatments
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33
Q

What is Menopausal Hormonal Therapy? (MHT)

A

a treatment that supplements estrogen, often combined with progesterone, to relieve symptoms of menopause

34
Q

When does bone mass decline?

A

At around 40 years of age

35
Q

What does risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis depend on?

A

PBM achieved by later 20s

36
Q

What energy balance is typical in adulthood?

A

Positive energy balance

37
Q

What changes in adiposity do we see in adulthood?

A
  • Increased visceral fat
  • Increased ectopic fat
38
Q

What proportion of kiwis are consuming the recommended amount of vegetables per day?

A

11% (1 in 9)

39
Q

What proportion of kiwis are consuming the recommended amount of fruit per day?

A

44.9%

40
Q

What proportion of kiwis are consuming the recommended amount of both vegetables and fruit per day?

A

6.7%

41
Q

What is the vegetable recommendations for 19-50 year olds?

A

Men = 6
Women = 5

42
Q

What is the fruit recommendations for 19-50 year olds?

A

2 for Men and Women

43
Q

What is the vege recommendations for 51-70 year olds?

A

Men = 5.5
Women = 5

44
Q

What is the fruit recommendations for 51-70 year olds?

A

2 for both Men and Women

45
Q

Women going through menopause need more of what?

A

Milk and Milk products

46
Q

What percent of adults drink alcohol?

A

80%

47
Q

What percent of NZ adults drink hazardously?

A

20%

48
Q

What percent of women vs men drink hazardously?

A

Men = 22%
Women = 10%

49
Q

What age groups have the highest prevalence of hazardous drinking?

A

18-24 year olds and 25-34 year olds
- Slight peak again at 45-54 year olds

50
Q

What is the alcohol guideline in general?

A

There is no safe level

51
Q

What are the alcohol recommendations for women?

A
  • No more than 2 std drinks a day
  • No more than 10 std drinks per week
52
Q

What are the alcohol recommendations for men?

A
  • No more than 3 std drinks a day
  • No more than 15 std drinks per week
53
Q

How many alcohol free days should there be a week for both men and women?

A

At least 2

54
Q

Alcohol use is a risk factor for…

A

Cancer
- Linked to the most prevalent types of cancer (e.g. bowel, breast)

55
Q

What is the best alcohol consumption for cancer prevention?

A

No threshold for the effects of alcohol on cancer have been identified and therefore abstinence is the best for cancer prevention

56
Q

What percent of deaths from cancer in NZ are due to alcohol use?

A

1 in 25 (for persons <80 years)

57
Q

Of the cancer deaths caused by alcohol, which type is the most common?

A

Breast cancer

58
Q

More than 1/3 of breast cancer deaths from alcohol were due to an average consumption of less than…

A

2 std drinks per day

59
Q

What is Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD)?

A

Declining ability of the lower esophageal splinter to close
causing leakage of stomach contents into the esophagus - The most common GI symptom in adults

60
Q

Who are at the highest risk of GORD?

A
  • Pregnant women
  • Smokers
  • Adults with high alcohol intake
  • Overweight adults
61
Q

What are the main symptoms of GORD?

A
  • Acid reflux
  • Heartburn
62
Q

What is the treatment for mild symptoms of GORD?

A

Lifestyle changes:
- Smaller meals
- Avoid trigger foods
- Raising head of bed
- Maintain healthy weight
- Stop smoking

63
Q

What are trigger foods of GORD?

A

High fat, spicy, caffeine or alcohol

64
Q

What is the treatment for severe symptoms of GORD?

A

Medicine or surgery

65
Q

What is the general use of supplements in adults?

A
  • Intended to supplement the diet only
  • Food first approach
  • Deficiencies unlikely in healthy individuals that eat a balanced diet including foods from all food groups
66
Q

In 2008/09 what percent of adults were taking some form of supplement?

A

48%

67
Q

What is the dietary supplement industry worth globally?

A

> 150 billion USD
- Expected annual growth rate of 8.9%

68
Q

When importing supplements what is there a risk of?

A

Supplement contamination

69
Q

How can supplements be contaminated?

A
  • Glass shards, bacteria, doping substances
  • With steroids
  • Dose - invalid claims
70
Q

When working with supplements what do health professionals need to be aware of?

A

“stacking”

71
Q

What supplement group is most used by NZ groups?

A

Oils (fish and plant)

72
Q

Is the regular use of supplements used more frequently in younger or older adults?

A

Older adults

73
Q

What is the first eating statement? (NZ Guidelines)

A

Enjoy a variety of nutritious foods every day including:
- Plenty of vegetables and fruit
- Grain foods, mostly whole grain and those naturally high in fibre
- Some milk and milk products, mostly low and reduced fat
- Some legumes, nuts, seeds, fish and other seafood, eggs, poultry and/or red meat with the fat removed

74
Q

What is the second eating statement? (NZ Guidelines)

A

Choose and/or prepare foods and drinks:
- with unsaturated fats instead of saturated fats
- with little or no added sugar
- that are low in salt, if using salt choose iodised
- that are mostly ‘whole’ and less processed

75
Q

What are examples of unsaturated fats?

A

Canola, rice bran or vegetable oil, margarine

76
Q

What are examples of saturated fats?

A

Butter, cream, lard, dripping, coconut oil

77
Q

What is the third eating statement? (NZ Guidelines)

A

Make plain water your first choice over other drinks

78
Q

What is the fourth eating statement? (NZ Guidelines)

A

If you drink alcohol, keep your intake low

79
Q

What is the fifth eating statement? (NZ Guidelines)

A

Buy or gather, prepare, cook and store food in ways that keep it safe to eat
- Take extra care if you are pregnant

80
Q

What is the sixth eating statement? (NZ Guidelines)

A

Encourage, support and promote breastfeeding

81
Q

What does the healthy plate model show?

A

1/3 Grains
1/3 Vegetables
1/6 Fruits
1/6 Milk and Milk Products
1/6 Legumes

HUNT243 Exam (18 decks)

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