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HUNT243 Exam > Lecture 14: Toddler and Preschool Nutrition > Flashcards

Lecture 14: Toddler and Preschool Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What are toddlers defined as?

A

Children between the ages of 1 and 3 years

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2
Q

What happens to growth velocity in toddlers?

A

It slows

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3
Q

What happens to appetite in toddlers?

A

Decrease in appetite coinciding with slowing growth

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4
Q

What 5 things increase in toddlers?

A
  • Gross motor skills
  • Fine motor skills
  • Independence
  • Exploration
  • Language
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5
Q

What are gross motor skills?

A

Use of large muscle groups exhibited as walking along, running, walking up stairs, hopping, skipping

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6
Q

What are fine motor skills?

A

Smaller muscle groups demonstrated by stacking objects, scribbling and copying shapes

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7
Q

When does dramatic development in language occur?

A

18 to 24 months

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8
Q

What is preschool age?

A

3-5 years

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9
Q

What is pre-school age characterised by?

A

Increasing autonomy
- Need for rituals/regularity
Broader social circumstances
Expanding ability to control behaviour

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10
Q

What do feeding skills look like in toddlers and pre-schoolers (>12 months)?

A

Increased fine motor skills and visual coordination:
- Use of cups and utensils
- Prefer to eat with their hands
- Happy self-feeding and exploring new tastes

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11
Q

What are some food items prohibited from pre-school lunches?

A
  • Nuts and seeds
  • Crisps, popcorn and rice crackers
  • Hard or chewy sweets
  • Sausages and saveloys
  • Dried Fruit
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12
Q

How do we manage toddler appetite?

A
  • Routine and regular meals are important
  • Parents often overestimate portion sizes (start with small portions)
  • Offer a variety of foods
  • Allow children to ask for more of something on offer
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13
Q

Why do we not want to serve large plates to toddlers?

A

Full plate can be overwhelming:
- Better to start with smaller amounts, they are more accepting of this
- From there, the child will then be able to ask for more
- Continue to offer the foods they are eating and want more of

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14
Q

What are the MOH recommended servings for toddlers?

A

Veges = 2-3
Fruit = 1/2
Grains = 4
Legumes = 1
Milk products = 1-1.5

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15
Q

For toddlers its not about being strict about servings, its about…

A

Variety

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16
Q

How is cows milk beneficial as a food for toddlers?

A

Provides energy, protein, calcium, riboflavin and vitamin B12

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17
Q

What type of milk is recommended for toddlers?

A

Whole (dark blue) milk
- Reduced fat milks should not be used before 2 years of age due to child’s high energy requirement

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18
Q

What is the maximum amount of milk that should be drunk per day for toddlers?

A

No more than 350mL

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19
Q

Why no more than 350mL of cows milk?

A
  • Low in iron
  • Displaces nutrient rich food in the diet
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20
Q

What are toddlers milks? What are they fortified with?

A

Cows milk based drinks that are fortified with minerals and vitamins such as iron, iodine, vitamin D and vitamin C

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21
Q

What is toddlers milk promoted as?

A

‘Alternatives’ to cows milk (“nutritionally superior”) for infants over the age of 12 months

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22
Q

Are toddler milks recommended by MOH?

A

No!

23
Q

Why are toddler milks not recommended by MOH?

A
  • Can continue a child’s preference for milk (limits variety in foods)
  • Achieving optimal nutrition from a variety of healthy foods is important to set up healthy eating behaviours
  • They are expensive
24
Q

What percent of total energy was found to come from toddlers milk in Australian toddlers (12-24 months)?

A

22%
- This is problematic because could be replacing other important nutrients

25
Q

What are the recommendations for juice intake?

A
  • Should not be sipped throughout the day
  • Should not be used as a means to calm an upset child
  • No more than 120mL/day
26
Q

What are the main characteristics of toddler behaviour? (6)

A
  • Strong independence (emergence of ‘no’)
  • Easily distracted
  • Learning to self regulate
  • Overstimulation
  • Shyness and fear of strangers
  • Biting, pinching and hair pulling
27
Q

New independence and ability to self-regulate can develop into….

A

Fussiness
- It is very normal for toddlers to go through a period of fussy eating - reassure parents

28
Q

Why is it common for toddlers to develop fussiness?

A
  • Could be drive to be independent
  • Could be an inbuilt protective mechanism, safety thing
29
Q

The period for how long this fussiness phase lasts will depend on…

A

How the family react and respond to their child

30
Q

We want to ensure we are creating a ??? eater

A

Confident eater

31
Q

What is responsive feeding?

A

Letting your child guide you about how much they eat, encourage but DON’T force them

32
Q

Why is responsive feeding important?

A
  • Helps with ability to self-regulate
  • Relaxed positive mealtimes creates positive attitudes towards foods
  • Older family members role model healthy eating and social interaction leads to positive mealtime behaviour
33
Q

What is the division of responsibility?

A

a feeding approach developed by Ellyn Satter that defines distinct roles for both parents and children in the feeding process

34
Q

What is the parents role in the divison of responsibility?

A
  • What
  • When
  • Where
    the child eats
35
Q

What is the child’s role in the divison of responsibility?

A
  • Whether
  • How much
    they eat
36
Q

What is family mealtime?

A

A social and cultural occasion where at least one adult eats, and interacts, with a child or children who is also present at the meal

37
Q

What are some tips to prevent fussy eating?

A
  • Ensure they are hungry
  • Provide small portions with variety
  • Provide plenty of opportunities to try foods
  • Avoid pressure
  • Have adults role model and talk positively
38
Q

When should the last snack be offered before meal time?

A

90 minutes - this is variable as some toddlers will find this too long, they might need a little bit of energy to actually eat the dinner

39
Q

How should toddlers be rewarded regarding food?

A
  • Praise child when they try a new food or eat a food they ‘dislike’
  • Never reward with food
40
Q

Resist the temptation to replace the offered food with…

A

A favourite food

41
Q

How long should a meal last?

A

End the meal within a reasonable time (for example, 30 minutes) and clear away the plate without comment

42
Q

How should new foods be introduced to selective eaters?

A
  • Offer new foods with accepted foods
  • Repeated exposure
43
Q

Food rewards are typically….

A

Energy dense and nutrient poor
- Puts more of a preference on the reward food

44
Q

Why should food not be eaten in front of screens?

A

Makes it difficult for young children to recognise their fullness cues and can lead to overeating
- We want children to focus on eating during mealtimes

45
Q

When should the transition from a high chair to normal chair be made?

A
  • No set period but anywhere between 18 mo and 3 y
  • When they are steady enough to keep upright for longer periods
46
Q

What did OzFITS find about toddlers consuming foods from all core food groups?

A

Good variety
- Slightly lower in veges

47
Q

What percent of toddlers consumed discretionary foods? (OzFITS)

A

9/10 (13%)
- Displacing nearly 15% of their diet from foods that could contribute well to their nutrient intake

48
Q

What are discretionary foods?

A

High in energy, saturated fat and/or sugar - have little nutritional value

49
Q

What are the main drinks for toddlers 12-24mo (most to least consumed)?

A
  • Breastmilk
  • Formula
  • Cow’s milk
  • Sweetened beverages
50
Q

What percent of toddlers consumed over the UL of sodium intake (1000mg/day)?

A

1/3

51
Q

What was the average sodium intake/day?

A

878 +- 12.4mg/day

52
Q

Why is high sodium intake for toddlers concerning?

A
  • May influence preferences for salty foods into adulthood
  • Risk factor for CVD
53
Q

What are the top 5 sources of sodium in toddlers (12-24mo)?

A
  1. Regular breads and rolls
  2. Cheese
  3. Dairy Milk
  4. Mixed dishes (cereal based)
  5. Processed meats
54
Q

What are the top discretionary sources of sodium in toddlers (12-24mo)?

A
  1. Processed meats
  2. Sauces and condiments
  3. Savoury biscuits
  4. Yeast extracts (vegemite)
  5. Cakes, muffins, scones

HUNT243 Exam (19 decks)

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