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HUNT243 Exam > Lecture 17: Adolescent Nutrition > Flashcards

Lecture 17: Adolescent Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What are the adolescent years?

A

Between 11 and 19 years

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2
Q

Energy and nutrient needs to support physical growth during adolescence are second only to…

A

Those during infancy

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3
Q

How does increased independence affect healthy during adolescence?

A
  • They are not fed, they eat
  • Choose to go out, not sent out to play
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4
Q

What social pressures come into play during adolescence?

A
  • Body image
  • Alcohol
  • Drug use
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5
Q

What forms of increased interest in nutrition are prevalent during adolescence?

A

Both valid and misinformation:
- Fad dieting
- Disordered eating patterns

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6
Q

What are the main concerns about growth and development during adolescence?

A
  • Over-nutrition
  • Under-nutrition
  • Micronutrient deficiencies
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7
Q

What does the pace of growth look like during adolescence?

A

Speeds up abruptly and dramatically, significantly increasing energy, protein and micronutrient needs

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8
Q

Sequence of changes is relatively predictable but…

A

Timing is highly variable:
- That is down to genetics, hormones, diet or other aspects
- Variability is part of normal human diversity

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9
Q

What is biological age?

A

your physiological age (cells, growth spurts)

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10
Q

What is chronological age?

A

age from birth

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11
Q

What drives sexual maturation?

A

Hormones

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12
Q

How much of adult body weight is gained during adolescence?

A

As much as 50%

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13
Q

What are the distinct differences between genders?

A
  • Skeletal system
  • Lean body mass
  • Fat stores
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14
Q

Body fat: Boys vs. Girls

A

Females gain larger % of body fat

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15
Q

Lean body mass: Boys vs. Girls

A

Males gain more lean body mass than females

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16
Q

How much body fat is needed for menarche?

A

17%

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17
Q

How much body fat is needed to maintain normal menstruation?

A

25%

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18
Q

When does body fat peak in females?

A

Between 15-16 years

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19
Q

How much weight to boys gain on average per year during peak weight gain?

A

9kg per year

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20
Q

What percent body fat do males have by the end of puberty?

A

12%

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21
Q

How long does the adolescent growth spurt last?

A

About 2-3 years

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22
Q

What does females growth velocity look like?

A

Begins at = 9.5-14.5 years
Ends at = 16 years
Average gain = 25cm

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23
Q

What does males growth velocity look like?

A

Begins at = 11.5-16 years
Ends at = 17.5 years
Average gain = 28cm

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24
Q

What is Low Energy Availability (LEA)?

A

Mismatch between a persons energy intake and the energy expended in exercise, leaving inadequate energy to support the functions required by the body to maintain optimal health and performance

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25
What is adequate energy availability?
Continually adapting energy intake to match training load
26
What is intentional LEA?
Restricting energy intake in the hope that becoming leaner might improve performance
27
What in unintentional LEA?
Failing to increase energy intake to match a higher training load
28
Who is most at risk of LEA?
- Sports with emphasis on leanness and physique - Endurance sports - Personality traits (perfectionism) - Social pressure
29
Who has a higher prevalence of LEA: Elite or recreational athletes?
Recreational
30
How do we ensure adequate energy intake in relation to exercise needs?
- Regular meals, snacks and recovery options - Intake modified to reflect variations in training - Avoid prolonged periods without eating - Intake meets demands of the sport
31
What does treatment of LEA require?
Multidisciplinary approach
32
Girls typically mature ?? years earlier than boys
2.5 years
33
What is puberty?
A transitional period where reproductive system maturation occurs
34
When is girls approx. onset of puberty?
9 years
35
When is boys approx. onset of puberty?
11 years
36
What are the Tanner Stages?
Sexual maturity ratings by stages - 5 point scale ranging from pre-adolescent to mature adult
37
Sexual maturity aligns well with...
Height (growth spurts)
38
What does sexual maturity look like in females?
Pubic hair, breast development and menarche
39
What does sexual maturity look like in males?
Pubic hair, genitalia development
40
Snacking more commonly translates to...
- Higher overall energy intake - Greater proportion of energy from sugar and sat. fat - Lower vegetable and fruit intake
41
What factors are associated with high snacking?
Picky eaters, screen time, very active, time poor, obesity
42
What factors are associated with low snacking?
Dieting, longer sleeping, body dissatisfaction
43
Foods high in fat, sugar and salt (HFSS) provide...
Few vitamins and minerals and are not essential in the diet
44
Energy dense =
= nutrient poor
45
How much do HFSS foods contribute to total energy in 5-14 year olds?
20% - Suggests more nutritious foods are being replaced
46
What are snacks recommendation?
Offer mainly healthy and nutritious snacks
47
What are HFSS recommendations?
Limit high fat, sugar, and salt (HFSS) foods and drinks to occasional (less than once a week) consumption only
48
During adolescence we have the greatest energy needs in the lifecycle with the exception of...
Pregnancy and lactation
49
What do nutrient needs look like over the lifecycle?
Rise through childhood, peak in adolescence and then level off or even diminish with adulthood
50
How is optimal energy intake determined?
- Prediction equations (e.g. Schofield) - BMR and PAL influences - Use clinical markers
51
What are examples of clinical markers?
- Linear growth - Sexual maturation - Menstruation
52
What percent of TE should be CHO?
45-65%
53
What are examples of 'nutritious' high CHO foods?
- Wholegrain breads and cereals - Vegetables, legumes, whole fruit
54
What percent of TE should be Fat?
20-35%
55
What percent of TE should be SFA and Trans Fat?
<10%
56
What type of fats should be focused on?
Mono- and poly-unsaturated fats
57
What are examples of 'nutritious' high Fat foods?
Vegetable oils, nuts, avocado
58
What percent of TE should be Protein?
15-25%
59
What are examples of 'nutritious' high Protein foods?
- Lean meat, poultry, seafood - Eggs - Milk, milk products - Legumes - Tofu - Nuts and seeds
60
During what periods of rapid growth are iron needs the greatest?
- Adolescent growth spurt - Increase in blood volume - Onset of menarche
61
Iron deficiency risk is higher in:
- Young people with restricted diets - Young people with high blood losses - Pregnant teens
62
What are the iron recommendations based on?
Dietary iron needed to maintain iron storage levels and support the growth and development needs of adolescents
63
What is IDA?
Iron Deficiency Anaemia
64
When are calcium needs and rates of absorption highest?
Apart from infancy, highest in adolescence
65
What is calcium crucial to?
Adolescent growth and development as well as blood clotting, cardiac and nerve function
66
What is calcium absorption during normal life vs peak growth
Usually around 30% but in periods of peak growth increases to 50-60%
67
When does calcium absorption peak in females?
Greater ability to absorb calcium at the time of menarche, then decreases
68
When does calcium absorption peak in males?
During early adolescence - Males is later in adolescence then females
69
What percent of young people have adequate calcium intake?
1 in 3
70
It can be difficult to achieve adequate calcium intake when...
Avoiding milk and milk products
71
What type of vitamin is Vitamin D?
Fat soluble
72
How are Vitamin D and calcium related?
Vitamin D enhances calcium absorption and is important for bone health - Essential role in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis
73
What is the main source of vitamin D?
Exposure to sunlight
74
Can Vitamin D be acquired from the diet?
Few dietary sources so adequate status is unlikely to be achieved through diet alone
75
Why do we want to develop strong bones?
To prevent the development of osteoporosis - we are setting up our bones for life
76
Is bone metabolically active?
Yes - an ongoing process - therefore what we eat is important
77
What percent of PBM is accrued during adolescence?
About 50% - Males accrue more bone mass than females during this time
78
What percent of peak bone mass is present by age 18 years?
>90%
79
What percent of adult bone mineral content is acquired during the 4-year period surrounding peak height velocity?
26%
80
When will an individual draw on PBM?
For their entire adult life
81
Immobilised or non-weight bearing individuals...
Rapidly lose bone mass - Importance of skeletal loading for bone health
82
What does bone mineral acquisition require?
Forces that vary in intensity and are dynamic
83
When is the effect of exercise on BMD most evident?
During pubertal growth
84
What is the association between BMI and bone mass?
Inverted-U shape
85
What hormone is important for bone health?
Estrogen (especially during adolescent years) - A drop in estrogen is common in LEA
86
What is primary ovarian insufficiency?
- Characterised by estrogen deficiency - Have lower BMD compared with regular menstruating women
87
What is functional hypothalamic amenorrhea?
People who are not menstruating regularly, characterised by: - Low energy - Excessive exercise - Stress
88
The severity of osteopenia is worse if...
Eating disorder initiated in adolescence and adulthood

HUNT243 Exam (18 decks)

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