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HUNT243 Exam > Lecture 17: Adolescent Nutrition > Flashcards

Lecture 17: Adolescent Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What are the adolescent years?

A

Between 11 and 19 years

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2
Q

Energy and nutrient needs to support physical growth during adolescence are second only to…

A

Those during infancy

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3
Q

How does increased independence affect healthy during adolescence?

A
  • They are not fed, they eat
  • Choose to go out, not sent out to play
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4
Q

What social pressures come into play during adolescence?

A
  • Body image
  • Alcohol
  • Drug use
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5
Q

What forms of increased interest in nutrition are prevalent during adolescence?

A

Both valid and misinformation:
- Fad dieting
- Disordered eating patterns

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6
Q

What are the main concerns about growth and development during adolescence?

A
  • Over-nutrition
  • Under-nutrition
  • Micronutrient deficiencies
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7
Q

What does the pace of growth look like during adolescence?

A

Speeds up abruptly and dramatically, significantly increasing energy, protein and micronutrient needs

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8
Q

Sequence of changes is relatively predictable but…

A

Timing is highly variable:
- That is down to genetics, hormones, diet or other aspects
- Variability is part of normal human diversity

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9
Q

What is biological age?

A

your physiological age (cells, growth spurts)

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10
Q

What is chronological age?

A

age from birth

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11
Q

What drives sexual maturation?

A

Hormones

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12
Q

How much of adult body weight is gained during adolescence?

A

As much as 50%

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13
Q

What are the distinct differences between genders?

A
  • Skeletal system
  • Lean body mass
  • Fat stores
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14
Q

Body fat: Boys vs. Girls

A

Females gain larger % of body fat

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15
Q

Lean body mass: Boys vs. Girls

A

Males gain more lean body mass than females

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16
Q

How much body fat is needed for menarche?

A

17%

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17
Q

How much body fat is needed to maintain normal menstruation?

A

25%

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18
Q

When does body fat peak in females?

A

Between 15-16 years

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19
Q

How much weight to boys gain on average per year during peak weight gain?

A

9kg per year

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20
Q

What percent body fat do males have by the end of puberty?

A

12%

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21
Q

How long does the adolescent growth spurt last?

A

About 2-3 years

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22
Q

What does females growth velocity look like?

A

Begins at = 9.5-14.5 years
Ends at = 16 years
Average gain = 25cm

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23
Q

What does males growth velocity look like?

A

Begins at = 11.5-16 years
Ends at = 17.5 years
Average gain = 28cm

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24
Q

What is Low Energy Availability (LEA)?

A

Mismatch between a persons energy intake and the energy expended in exercise, leaving inadequate energy to support the functions required by the body to maintain optimal health and performance

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25
Q

What is adequate energy availability?

A

Continually adapting energy intake to match training load

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26
Q

What is intentional LEA?

A

Restricting energy intake in the hope that becoming leaner might improve performance

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27
Q

What in unintentional LEA?

A

Failing to increase energy intake to match a higher training load

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28
Q

Who is most at risk of LEA?

A
  • Sports with emphasis on leanness and physique
  • Endurance sports
  • Personality traits (perfectionism)
  • Social pressure
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29
Q

Who has a higher prevalence of LEA: Elite or recreational athletes?

A

Recreational

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30
Q

How do we ensure adequate energy intake in relation to exercise needs?

A
  • Regular meals, snacks and recovery options
  • Intake modified to reflect variations in training
  • Avoid prolonged periods without eating
  • Intake meets demands of the sport
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31
Q

What does treatment of LEA require?

A

Multidisciplinary approach

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32
Q

Girls typically mature ?? years earlier than boys

A

2.5 years

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33
Q

What is puberty?

A

A transitional period where reproductive system maturation occurs

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34
Q

When is girls approx. onset of puberty?

A

9 years

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35
Q

When is boys approx. onset of puberty?

A

11 years

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36
Q

What are the Tanner Stages?

A

Sexual maturity ratings by stages - 5 point scale ranging from pre-adolescent to mature adult

37
Q

Sexual maturity aligns well with…

A

Height (growth spurts)

38
Q

What does sexual maturity look like in females?

A

Pubic hair, breast development and menarche

39
Q

What does sexual maturity look like in males?

A

Pubic hair, genitalia development

40
Q

Snacking more commonly translates to…

A
  • Higher overall energy intake
  • Greater proportion of energy from sugar and sat. fat
  • Lower vegetable and fruit intake
41
Q

What factors are associated with high snacking?

A

Picky eaters, screen time, very active, time poor, obesity

42
Q

What factors are associated with low snacking?

A

Dieting, longer sleeping, body dissatisfaction

43
Q

Foods high in fat, sugar and salt (HFSS) provide…

A

Few vitamins and minerals and are not essential in the diet

44
Q

Energy dense =

A

= nutrient poor

45
Q

How much do HFSS foods contribute to total energy in 5-14 year olds?

A

20%
- Suggests more nutritious foods are being replaced

46
Q

What are snacks recommendation?

A

Offer mainly healthy and nutritious snacks

47
Q

What are HFSS recommendations?

A

Limit high fat, sugar, and salt (HFSS) foods and drinks to occasional (less than once a week) consumption only

48
Q

During adolescence we have the greatest energy needs in the lifecycle with the exception of…

A

Pregnancy and lactation

49
Q

What do nutrient needs look like over the lifecycle?

A

Rise through childhood, peak in adolescence and then level off or even diminish with adulthood

50
Q

How is optimal energy intake determined?

A
  • Prediction equations (e.g. Schofield)
  • BMR and PAL influences
  • Use clinical markers
51
Q

What are examples of clinical markers?

A
  • Linear growth
  • Sexual maturation
  • Menstruation
52
Q

What percent of TE should be CHO?

A

45-65%

53
Q

What are examples of ‘nutritious’ high CHO foods?

A
  • Wholegrain breads and cereals
  • Vegetables, legumes, whole fruit
54
Q

What percent of TE should be Fat?

A

20-35%

55
Q

What percent of TE should be SFA and Trans Fat?

A

<10%

56
Q

What type of fats should be focused on?

A

Mono- and poly-unsaturated fats

57
Q

What are examples of ‘nutritious’ high Fat foods?

A

Vegetable oils, nuts, avocado

58
Q

What percent of TE should be Protein?

A

15-25%

59
Q

What are examples of ‘nutritious’ high Protein foods?

A
  • Lean meat, poultry, seafood
  • Eggs
  • Milk, milk products
  • Legumes
  • Tofu
  • Nuts and seeds
60
Q

During what periods of rapid growth are iron needs the greatest?

A
  • Adolescent growth spurt
  • Increase in blood volume
  • Onset of menarche
61
Q

Iron deficiency risk is higher in:

A
  • Young people with restricted diets
  • Young people with high blood losses
  • Pregnant teens
62
Q

What are the iron recommendations based on?

A

Dietary iron needed to maintain iron storage levels and support the growth and development needs of adolescents

63
Q

What is IDA?

A

Iron Deficiency Anaemia

64
Q

When are calcium needs and rates of absorption highest?

A

Apart from infancy, highest in adolescence

65
Q

What is calcium crucial to?

A

Adolescent growth and development as well as blood clotting, cardiac and nerve function

66
Q

What is calcium absorption during normal life vs peak growth

A

Usually around 30% but in periods of peak growth increases to 50-60%

67
Q

When does calcium absorption peak in females?

A

Greater ability to absorb calcium at the time of menarche, then decreases

68
Q

When does calcium absorption peak in males?

A

During early adolescence
- Males is later in adolescence then females

69
Q

What percent of young people have adequate calcium intake?

A

1 in 3

70
Q

It can be difficult to achieve adequate calcium intake when…

A

Avoiding milk and milk products

71
Q

What type of vitamin is Vitamin D?

A

Fat soluble

72
Q

How are Vitamin D and calcium related?

A

Vitamin D enhances calcium absorption and is important for bone health
- Essential role in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis

73
Q

What is the main source of vitamin D?

A

Exposure to sunlight

74
Q

Can Vitamin D be acquired from the diet?

A

Few dietary sources so adequate status is unlikely to be achieved through diet alone

75
Q

Why do we want to develop strong bones?

A

To prevent the development of osteoporosis - we are setting up our bones for life

76
Q

Is bone metabolically active?

A

Yes
- an ongoing process
- therefore what we eat is important

77
Q

What percent of PBM is accrued during adolescence?

A

About 50%
- Males accrue more bone mass than females during this time

78
Q

What percent of peak bone mass is present by age 18 years?

A

> 90%

79
Q

What percent of adult bone mineral content is acquired during the 4-year period surrounding peak height velocity?

A

26%

80
Q

When will an individual draw on PBM?

A

For their entire adult life

81
Q

Immobilised or non-weight bearing individuals…

A

Rapidly lose bone mass
- Importance of skeletal loading for bone health

82
Q

What does bone mineral acquisition require?

A

Forces that vary in intensity and are dynamic

83
Q

When is the effect of exercise on BMD most evident?

A

During pubertal growth

84
Q

What is the association between BMI and bone mass?

A

Inverted-U shape

85
Q

What hormone is important for bone health?

A

Estrogen (especially during adolescent years)
- A drop in estrogen is common in LEA

86
Q

What is primary ovarian insufficiency?

A
  • Characterised by estrogen deficiency
  • Have lower BMD compared with regular menstruating women
87
Q

What is functional hypothalamic amenorrhea?

A

People who are not menstruating regularly, characterised by:
- Low energy
- Excessive exercise
- Stress

88
Q

The severity of osteopenia is worse if…

A

Eating disorder initiated in adolescence and adulthood

HUNT243 Exam (19 decks)

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