Lecture 25 EXAM 4 Flashcards
what are the homeostatic functions of the kidney?
- correct balance of Na, K, Cl, Ca ions
- assists in pH balance
- regulates BP by adjusting blood volume
what are the kidneys complicated filter system?
- kidneys retain valuable nutrients
- kidneys excrete nitrogenous waste (ex: urea, uric acid, toxins and drugs)
where are the kidneys located in the body? tissue? around it?
- located posterior wall of abdominal cavity
- kidneys surrounded by renal capsule
- kidneys surrounded by layer of adipose tissue
- outside of abdominal cavity = retroperitoneal
what makes up the renal pelvis?
- minor calyces - major calyces - renal pelvis
- renal pelvis tapers to form the ureter
- ureters drain to urinary bladder
describe the renal hilus? renal sinus?
entrance for renal a and ANS nerves
- exit for renal v. and lymphatic vessels, ureter
- renal sinus: fat filled depression around hilus
what does it mean when someone says kidneys are segmented?
(they have lobes)
what tissue is the renal lobes separated by?
cortical tissue
= path for renal a/v from hilus to cortex
from the renal a. where does blood flow next?
segmantal a. then afferent arterioles
then glomerulus capillaries = glomerulus
the glomerulus is drained by what?
efferent arterioles
- filtrate passes to peritubular capillaries
- the “portal system” reclaims H2O from loop of henle
what does blood drain from after the kidney?
peritubular capillaries drain into the renal v.
- renal v. - inferior vena cava - heart
what is the nephron?
the functional unit of the kidney
- complex
- majority of nephron located in the CORTEX
what is another name for renal corpuscle?
maloighian corpuscle
what does the renal corpuscle consists of?
glomerular capsule (bowmans capsule)
- afferent arteriole (incoming blood from renal a.
- efferent arterioles (outcoming blood)
- glomerular capillary bed
the glomerulus is covered by what specialized cells?
podocytes:
- critical for nephron function
- bear processes called pedicles
interdigitated pedicles = coarse filter
what does the proximal convoluted tubule do in filtration?
collects filtrate from capsular space
- reclamation of some water, organic nutrient
what does the distal convoluted tubule do in filtration?
secretion of drugs and toxins (only one that does not secrete water
what does the loop of henle do in filtration?
loop travels down to medulla - then back to the cortex
- reclamation of sodium, chloride
what does the collecting duct do in filtration?
- gathers filtrate from DCTs
- more reclamation of water
- collecting ducts combine to form renal papilla
what does the ureters do?
transfer urine from renal pelvis, to urinary bladder retroperitoneal location (ureter and kidney)
what are the 2 layers in the Ureters?
mucosa : with transitional epithelium
muscularis : 2 layer (active peristalsis)
adventitia: CT
what are the organs that use peristalsis?
- ureter
- stomach
- pharynx ?
- esophagus
- small intestine
- large intestine
describe the urinary bladder?
- hollow organ for the storage of urine
- composed of 2 muscular layers (detrusor m.)
- shape/location varies with volume of urine
- inner surface thrown into rugae when empty
where is the urinary bladder in the body?
retroperitoneal location
- post. to pubic symphysis
- anterior to rectum, and uterus
where does the ureters enter?
posterolateral corners of bladder
trigone: triangular region of the bladder floor
- anchors 2 ureteral openings and one urethral openings
urethra drains through floor of bladder (in. urethral sphincter)
what organs have rugae?
stomach
bladder
gallbladder
what does the urethra do?
transfers urine from the bladder to outside of the body
- passes through pelvic diaphragm (ext. urethral sphincter
what are the 3 regions of the urethra in males?
prostatic : passes through prostatic gland
membranous (pelvic floor) ext urethral sphincters
penile : corpus spongiosum / glans
what are the 3 regions of the urethra in males?
prostatic : passes through prostatic gland
membranous (pelvic floor) ext urethral sphincters
penile : corpus spongiosum / glans
why are females more prone to a uti?
urethra is more short in females
bacteria more readily colonize bladder, ureters and kidneys
UTI = urinary tract infection
what is urine made up of?
93-97% water, clear - yellow, sterile, pH 4.5-8
what is a urinalysis?
physical and chemical assessment of urine
what is a pyelogram?
x - ray image of kidneys
what is nehrolithiasis?
renal calculi (kidney stone) - ca/mg salts uric acid crystals = blockage of ureters
what is a diuretic?
drugs that promote fluid loss in the urine
what is hematuria?
blood loss in urine
what is proteinuria?
protein loss in urine
What is dysuria?
painful urination
what is a ectopic kidney?
a kidney that grew in the wrong place
