Lecture 25 EXAM 4

Question 1

what are the homeostatic functions of the kidney?

Answer 1

• correct balance of Na, K, Cl, Ca ions
• assists in pH balance
• regulates BP by adjusting blood volume

Question 2

what are the kidneys complicated filter system?

Answer 2

• kidneys retain valuable nutrients

- kidneys excrete nitrogenous waste (ex: urea, uric acid, toxins and drugs)

Question 3

where are the kidneys located in the body? tissue? around it?

Answer 3

• located posterior wall of abdominal cavity
• kidneys surrounded by renal capsule
• kidneys surrounded by layer of adipose tissue
• outside of abdominal cavity = retroperitoneal

Question 4

what makes up the renal pelvis?

Answer 4

• minor calyces - major calyces - renal pelvis
• renal pelvis tapers to form the ureter
• ureters drain to urinary bladder

Question 5

describe the renal hilus? renal sinus?

Answer 5

entrance for renal a and ANS nerves

• exit for renal v. and lymphatic vessels, ureter
• renal sinus: fat filled depression around hilus

Question 6

what does it mean when someone says kidneys are segmented?

Answer 6

(they have lobes)

Question 7

what tissue is the renal lobes separated by?

Answer 7

cortical tissue

= path for renal a/v from hilus to cortex

Question 8

from the renal a. where does blood flow next?

Answer 8

segmantal a. then afferent arterioles

then glomerulus capillaries = glomerulus

Question 9

the glomerulus is drained by what?

Answer 9

efferent arterioles

• filtrate passes to peritubular capillaries
• the “portal system” reclaims H2O from loop of henle

Question 10

what does blood drain from after the kidney?

Answer 10

peritubular capillaries drain into the renal v.

- renal v. - inferior vena cava - heart

Question 11

what is the nephron?

Answer 11

the functional unit of the kidney

• complex
• majority of nephron located in the CORTEX

Question 12

what is another name for renal corpuscle?

Answer 12

maloighian corpuscle

Question 13

what does the renal corpuscle consists of?

Answer 13

glomerular capsule (bowmans capsule)

• afferent arteriole (incoming blood from renal a.
• efferent arterioles (outcoming blood)
• glomerular capillary bed

Question 14

the glomerulus is covered by what specialized cells?

Answer 14

podocytes:
- critical for nephron function
- bear processes called pedicles
interdigitated pedicles = coarse filter

Question 15

what does the proximal convoluted tubule do in filtration?

Answer 15

collects filtrate from capsular space

- reclamation of some water, organic nutrient

Question 16

what does the distal convoluted tubule do in filtration?

Answer 16

secretion of drugs and toxins (only one that does not secrete water

Question 17

what does the loop of henle do in filtration?

Answer 17

loop travels down to medulla - then back to the cortex

- reclamation of sodium, chloride

Question 18

what does the collecting duct do in filtration?

Answer 18

• gathers filtrate from DCTs
• more reclamation of water
• collecting ducts combine to form renal papilla

Question 19

what does the ureters do?

Answer 19

transfer urine from renal pelvis, to urinary bladder
retroperitoneal location (ureter and kidney)

Question 20

what are the 2 layers in the Ureters?

Answer 20

mucosa : with transitional epithelium
muscularis : 2 layer (active peristalsis)
adventitia: CT

Question 21

what are the organs that use peristalsis?

Answer 21

1. ureter
2. stomach
3. pharynx ?
4. esophagus
5. small intestine
6. large intestine

Question 22

describe the urinary bladder?

Answer 22

• hollow organ for the storage of urine
• composed of 2 muscular layers (detrusor m.)
• shape/location varies with volume of urine
  - inner surface thrown into rugae when empty

Question 23

where is the urinary bladder in the body?

Answer 23

retroperitoneal location

• post. to pubic symphysis
• anterior to rectum, and uterus

Question 24

where does the ureters enter?

Answer 24

posterolateral corners of bladder
trigone: triangular region of the bladder floor
- anchors 2 ureteral openings and one urethral openings
urethra drains through floor of bladder (in. urethral sphincter)

Question 25

what organs have rugae?

Answer 25

stomach
bladder
gallbladder

Question 26

what does the urethra do?

Answer 26

transfers urine from the bladder to outside of the body

- passes through pelvic diaphragm (ext. urethral sphincter

Question 27

what are the 3 regions of the urethra in males?

Answer 27

prostatic : passes through prostatic gland
membranous (pelvic floor) ext urethral sphincters
penile : corpus spongiosum / glans

Question 27

what are the 3 regions of the urethra in males?

Answer 27

prostatic : passes through prostatic gland
membranous (pelvic floor) ext urethral sphincters
penile : corpus spongiosum / glans

Question 28

why are females more prone to a uti?

Answer 28

urethra is more short in females
bacteria more readily colonize bladder, ureters and kidneys
UTI = urinary tract infection

Question 29

what is urine made up of?

Answer 29

93-97% water, clear - yellow, sterile, pH 4.5-8

Question 30

what is a urinalysis?

Answer 30

physical and chemical assessment of urine

Question 31

what is a pyelogram?

Answer 31

x - ray image of kidneys

Question 32

what is nehrolithiasis?

Answer 32

renal calculi (kidney stone)
- ca/mg salts uric acid crystals = blockage of ureters

Question 33

what is a diuretic?

Answer 33

drugs that promote fluid loss in the urine

Question 34

what is hematuria?

Answer 34

blood loss in urine

Question 35

what is proteinuria?

Answer 35

protein loss in urine

Question 36

What is dysuria?

Answer 36

painful urination

Question 37

what is a ectopic kidney?

Answer 37

a kidney that grew in the wrong place