Lecture 23 EXAM 4 Flashcards
What is the formula for cellular respiration?
c6 h10 o6 + 6o2 —> 6co2 + 6h2o + ATP
diffusion of blood gasses requires what?
Thin walls + moist surfaces + rich blood supply
What makes are the upper respiratory tract?
Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus
What makes up the lower respiratory tract?
Trachea, bronchi, bronchial tree, lungs, and pleural cavity
what is the anterior opening of the nostril?
Bone: external nares
what cartilage supports the nostril?
(nostril = vestibule)
Alar cartilage
what makes up the nasal septum ? anterior and posterior portions?
anterior - septum formed by hayline cartilage
posterior - vomer, ethmoid bones
the lateral walls of the nasal cavity has several openings what are they?
nasolacrimal duct - carry tears
paranasal sinus - drain via paranasal ducts
all ducts/ sinuses lined with a mucous membrane
what is the posterior opening to the nasal cavity?
internal nares
What is the membrane covering the respiratory epithelium?
mucous membrane
- pseudostratified CILIATED columnar epithelium = another name for respiratory epithelium
- cilia sweep particles (trapped in mucous) to mouth
What is the pharynx and the regions?
Pharynx - common passage for respiratory epithelium
- nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
where is the nasopharynx?
Space above the soft palate, posterior to nasal cavity
What tonsil is in the nasopharyngeal?
pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
the auditory tubes connect what to middle ear?
nasopharynx
where is the oropharynx?
space below the soft palate and above the hyoid
What tonsil is associated with what pharynx?
oropharynx
palatine tonsils - located at the lateral walls
lingual tonsils - located at base of tongue
where is the laryngopharynx?
Space between hyoid and glottis
What are the functions of the Larynx?
- Cylinder - reinforced with cartilage
- suspended below hyoid bone
- surrounds and protects the glottis + Trachea
- vocal cords vibrate to produce sound
- Epiglottis - (Protective cover/ valve)
laryngeal cartilages are what?
modified tracheal rings
laryngeal cartilages are what?
modified tracheal rings
What is the thyroid cartilage?
Large shield like
adams apple
What is the cricoid cartilage?
Medium sized, ring shaped
what is the Arytenoid cartilage?
(2) anchor for vocal ligament
What is the corniculate cartilage?
(2) anchor for vestibular ligaments
What is the Cuneiform cartilage?
(2) stabilize epiglottis
describe the structure of the epiglottis?
- Plate like sheet of elastic cartilage (ridged)
- hinged: folds over to cover the glottis
- “valve” that diverts food to esophagus (protect airway)
what are the 2 laryngeal ligaments?
vestibular lig. + vestibular folds = vestibular cords = FALSE
- attaches to corniculate cartilage
True vocal lig. + true vocal folds = TRUE vocal cords
What changes the sound and pitch of your voice?
tensions and stretching of the vocal cords
what 2 structures does the trachea attach too?
Larynx and lungs
describe the trachea?
- tough flexible tube
- c shape hayline cartilage
- connected by annular ligament
- trachea is linned with respiratory epithelium
- trachea divided to form R/L primary bronchi
Where is the trachealis muscle?
posterior “gap” between rings
where does the Carnia branch off at?
burification @ T5
what is a tracheostomy?
surgical opening in the trachea to allow passage of air
what bronchus is longer and aligned with the trachea?
Right
describe the primary into the secondary bronchi?
bronchi split to form secondary (LOBAR) bronchi
- right side has 3 bronchi , left side has 2 bronchi
describe the secondary into the tertiary bronchi?
bronchi split to form. the tertiary (SEGMENTAL) bronchi
- located within each bronchopulmonary segment
describe the bronchi splitting into bronchioles?
- bronchioles branch into respiratory bronchioles
- respiratory bronchioles terminate in several alveoli
in sympathetic ANS what does the bronchi do?
bronchiodialate
In the parpasympathetic ANS the bronchi do what?
bronchoconstriction
what is surfactant?
compound that lowers surface tension between surfaces
in the bronchi what does not remove debis?
Macrophages remove debris (not cilia)
what is the site for gas exchange?
Alveoli
What epithelium is on the alveoli?
simple squamous epithelium (very thin, allows O2 to pass)
- wall is very thin = respiratory membrane
- vascular: facilitates O2 pickup and loss of CO2
what cells produce surfactant? in the alveoli
Septal cells produce surfactant
- surfactant reduces surface tension in alveoli
What fibers push air out of segemnt in alveoli?
Elastic fibers
What is infant respiratory distress syndrome?
premature babies don’t produce enough surfactant
- alveolar walls stick together = alveolar collapse
- insufficient respiratory surface = blue baby
What are the root, hilus, and lobes of the lungs?
root: Bronchus
Hilus: point of entry supported by pulmonary ligament
Lobes:
- right lung (3) superior, middle, inferior
- left lung (2) superior and inferior
What is all contained in the mediastinum?
(central portion of the thoracic cavity)
- heart, aorta, vena cava, trachea, root of lung
- esophagus, thymus, CN X and phrenic nerve
where is the Visceral Pleura?
Serous membrane on the lung surface
Where is the Parietal Pleura?
serous membrane linning pleural cavity
What makes up the pleural cavity?
“potential space”
between visceral and parietal
what is found in between the parietal and visceral pleura?
Serous fluid
- surface tension that holds pleura together
What is pneumothorax?
- air enters pleural cavity
- Serous fluid can no longer maintain pleural contact
- lungs collapse
What makes up the pericardial sac?
parietal pleura + parietal pericardium
What is sucking wounds?
Elastic tissue draws the lungs into a sense lump of tissue - collapse draws air through open wound
What is pleural adhesions?
- damage to visceral and parietal pleura
- tissue healing process confuses visc. and par. layers
- pleural adhesion from between visc. and par. layers
- painful during deep breaths and body movements
What is Emphysema?
destruction of alveoli
- COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) 90% of smokers
- loss of SA for gas exchange - shortness of breath
What is pulmonary embolism?
Blood clot in lungs
- clots block pulmonary blood vessels causes infarction/necrosis
What happens during inspiration?
- Diaphragm contracts (phrenic nerve)
- flattens: ncreases volume of thorax
- compresses abdominal contents
pressure decreases (vacuum) air is pulled into the lungs
What muscles do you use during forced inspiraton?
several muscles raise rib cage
- external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, pectoralis minor
What happens during expiration?
- decreases volume of thorax
- rebound of abdominal contents
mostly passive
What happens during forced expiration?
- abdominal wall compresses gut
- internal intercostals muscles compress rib cage
decrease thoracic volume: air is forced out of lungs
What are the respiratory centers for control of breathing?
- pons and medulla oblongata
What are the mechanoreceptors for control of breathing?
lung volume + blood pressure
What are the chemoreceptors for control of breathing?
CO2 and O2 and blood PH
What is the purpose for a cough?
Reflex to protect respiratory tract
