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Human Anatomy > Lecture 23 EXAM 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 23 EXAM 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

A

c6 h10 o6 + 6o2 —> 6co2 + 6h2o + ATP

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2
Q

diffusion of blood gasses requires what?

A

Thin walls + moist surfaces + rich blood supply

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3
Q

What makes are the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus

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4
Q

What makes up the lower respiratory tract?

A

Trachea, bronchi, bronchial tree, lungs, and pleural cavity

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5
Q

what is the anterior opening of the nostril?

A

Bone: external nares

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6
Q

what cartilage supports the nostril?

A

(nostril = vestibule)

Alar cartilage

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7
Q

what makes up the nasal septum ? anterior and posterior portions?

A

anterior - septum formed by hayline cartilage

posterior - vomer, ethmoid bones

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8
Q

the lateral walls of the nasal cavity has several openings what are they?

A

nasolacrimal duct - carry tears
paranasal sinus - drain via paranasal ducts
all ducts/ sinuses lined with a mucous membrane

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9
Q

what is the posterior opening to the nasal cavity?

A

internal nares

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10
Q

What is the membrane covering the respiratory epithelium?

A

mucous membrane

  • pseudostratified CILIATED columnar epithelium = another name for respiratory epithelium
  • cilia sweep particles (trapped in mucous) to mouth
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11
Q

What is the pharynx and the regions?

A

Pharynx - common passage for respiratory epithelium

  • nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
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12
Q

where is the nasopharynx?

A

Space above the soft palate, posterior to nasal cavity

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13
Q

What tonsil is in the nasopharyngeal?

A

pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)

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14
Q

the auditory tubes connect what to middle ear?

A

nasopharynx

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15
Q

where is the oropharynx?

A

space below the soft palate and above the hyoid

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16
Q

What tonsil is associated with what pharynx?

A

oropharynx
palatine tonsils - located at the lateral walls
lingual tonsils - located at base of tongue

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17
Q

where is the laryngopharynx?

A

Space between hyoid and glottis

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18
Q

What are the functions of the Larynx?

A
  • Cylinder - reinforced with cartilage
  • suspended below hyoid bone
  • surrounds and protects the glottis + Trachea
  • vocal cords vibrate to produce sound
  • Epiglottis - (Protective cover/ valve)
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19
Q

laryngeal cartilages are what?

A

modified tracheal rings

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19
Q

laryngeal cartilages are what?

A

modified tracheal rings

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20
Q

What is the thyroid cartilage?

A

Large shield like

adams apple

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21
Q

What is the cricoid cartilage?

A

Medium sized, ring shaped

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22
Q

what is the Arytenoid cartilage?

A

(2) anchor for vocal ligament

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23
Q

What is the corniculate cartilage?

A

(2) anchor for vestibular ligaments

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24
Q

What is the Cuneiform cartilage?

A

(2) stabilize epiglottis

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25
Q

describe the structure of the epiglottis?

A
  • Plate like sheet of elastic cartilage (ridged)
  • hinged: folds over to cover the glottis
  • “valve” that diverts food to esophagus (protect airway)
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26
Q

what are the 2 laryngeal ligaments?

A

vestibular lig. + vestibular folds = vestibular cords = FALSE
- attaches to corniculate cartilage
True vocal lig. + true vocal folds = TRUE vocal cords

27
Q

What changes the sound and pitch of your voice?

A

tensions and stretching of the vocal cords

28
Q

what 2 structures does the trachea attach too?

A

Larynx and lungs

29
Q

describe the trachea?

A
  • tough flexible tube
  • c shape hayline cartilage
  • connected by annular ligament
  • trachea is linned with respiratory epithelium
  • trachea divided to form R/L primary bronchi
30
Q

Where is the trachealis muscle?

A

posterior “gap” between rings

31
Q

where does the Carnia branch off at?

A

burification @ T5

32
Q

what is a tracheostomy?

A

surgical opening in the trachea to allow passage of air

33
Q

what bronchus is longer and aligned with the trachea?

A

Right

34
Q

describe the primary into the secondary bronchi?

A

bronchi split to form secondary (LOBAR) bronchi

- right side has 3 bronchi , left side has 2 bronchi

35
Q

describe the secondary into the tertiary bronchi?

A

bronchi split to form. the tertiary (SEGMENTAL) bronchi

- located within each bronchopulmonary segment

36
Q

describe the bronchi splitting into bronchioles?

A
  • bronchioles branch into respiratory bronchioles

- respiratory bronchioles terminate in several alveoli

37
Q

in sympathetic ANS what does the bronchi do?

A

bronchiodialate

38
Q

In the parpasympathetic ANS the bronchi do what?

A

bronchoconstriction

39
Q

what is surfactant?

A

compound that lowers surface tension between surfaces

40
Q

in the bronchi what does not remove debis?

A

Macrophages remove debris (not cilia)

41
Q

what is the site for gas exchange?

A

Alveoli

42
Q

What epithelium is on the alveoli?

A

simple squamous epithelium (very thin, allows O2 to pass)

  • wall is very thin = respiratory membrane
  • vascular: facilitates O2 pickup and loss of CO2
43
Q

what cells produce surfactant? in the alveoli

A

Septal cells produce surfactant

- surfactant reduces surface tension in alveoli

44
Q

What fibers push air out of segemnt in alveoli?

A

Elastic fibers

45
Q

What is infant respiratory distress syndrome?

A

premature babies don’t produce enough surfactant

  • alveolar walls stick together = alveolar collapse
  • insufficient respiratory surface = blue baby
46
Q

What are the root, hilus, and lobes of the lungs?

A

root: Bronchus
Hilus: point of entry supported by pulmonary ligament
Lobes:
- right lung (3) superior, middle, inferior
- left lung (2) superior and inferior

47
Q

What is all contained in the mediastinum?

A

(central portion of the thoracic cavity)

  • heart, aorta, vena cava, trachea, root of lung
  • esophagus, thymus, CN X and phrenic nerve
48
Q

where is the Visceral Pleura?

A

Serous membrane on the lung surface

49
Q

Where is the Parietal Pleura?

A

serous membrane linning pleural cavity

50
Q

What makes up the pleural cavity?

A

“potential space”

between visceral and parietal

51
Q

what is found in between the parietal and visceral pleura?

A

Serous fluid

- surface tension that holds pleura together

52
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A
  • air enters pleural cavity
  • Serous fluid can no longer maintain pleural contact
  • lungs collapse
53
Q

What makes up the pericardial sac?

A

parietal pleura + parietal pericardium

54
Q

What is sucking wounds?

A

Elastic tissue draws the lungs into a sense lump of tissue - collapse draws air through open wound

55
Q

What is pleural adhesions?

A
  • damage to visceral and parietal pleura
  • tissue healing process confuses visc. and par. layers
  • pleural adhesion from between visc. and par. layers
  • painful during deep breaths and body movements
56
Q

What is Emphysema?

A

destruction of alveoli

  • COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) 90% of smokers
  • loss of SA for gas exchange - shortness of breath
57
Q

What is pulmonary embolism?

A

Blood clot in lungs

- clots block pulmonary blood vessels causes infarction/necrosis

58
Q

What happens during inspiration?

A
  1. Diaphragm contracts (phrenic nerve)
    - flattens: ncreases volume of thorax
    - compresses abdominal contents
    pressure decreases (vacuum) air is pulled into the lungs
59
Q

What muscles do you use during forced inspiraton?

A

several muscles raise rib cage

- external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, pectoralis minor

60
Q

What happens during expiration?

A
  1. decreases volume of thorax
    - rebound of abdominal contents
    mostly passive
61
Q

What happens during forced expiration?

A
  • abdominal wall compresses gut
  • internal intercostals muscles compress rib cage
    decrease thoracic volume: air is forced out of lungs
62
Q

What are the respiratory centers for control of breathing?

A
  • pons and medulla oblongata
63
Q

What are the mechanoreceptors for control of breathing?

A

lung volume + blood pressure

64
Q

What are the chemoreceptors for control of breathing?

A

CO2 and O2 and blood PH

65
Q

What is the purpose for a cough?

A

Reflex to protect respiratory tract

Human Anatomy (14 decks)

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