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Human Anatomy > Lecture 24 EXAM 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 24 EXAM 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the digestive system?

A
  1. mechanical processing
    - chewing (mastication)
    - churning by stomach
    - segmentation in the SI
  2. chemical breakdown: sugar/lipid/protein
  3. secretion of acids/enzymes/buffers
    - GI tract
    - accessory organs: pancreas, liver
  4. absorption across gut epithelium into blood vessels
    - nutrients electrolytes, vitamins and water
  5. dehydration, compaction, and excretion
    - dehydration/compaction of indigestible gut contents
    - elimination of waste from body (defecation)
    - waste products to be defecated = feces
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2
Q

what are the 2 groupings of organs?

A
  1. Gut = alimentary canal = GI tract
    - muscular tube extending from mouth to anus
    - extensive series of diverticulae
  2. accessory organs/structures
    - tongue, teeth, liver/gallbladder, pancreas
    - salivary, gastric, and intestinal glands
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3
Q

what are the diffrent names for the gut?

A

gastrointestinal tract

alimentary canal

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4
Q

what makes up the foregut?

A

celiac truck

- mouth and duodenum

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5
Q

what makes up the mid gut?

A

superior mesenteric

jejunum and ileum

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6
Q

what makes up the hindgut?

A

inferior mesenteric

- colon and rectum

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7
Q

what epithelium is on the lips and cheek?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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8
Q

what keeps food in your mouth while chewing?

A

CN VII (facial nerve?)

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9
Q

what stabilizes the lips?

A

labial frenulum

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10
Q

what is Gingiva?

A

mucosa covering alveolar bone/hard palate

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11
Q

what are the 3 salivary glands?

A
  • parotid : drained by the parotid duct
  • submandibular - drained by the submandibular duct
  • sublingual - drained by sublingual duct
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12
Q

what are the functions of saliva?

A

cleanses teeth, moistens food

- contains enzyme amylase: breaks down starch

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13
Q

what are the intrinsic muscles that are very complicated called?

A

muscular hydrostat

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14
Q

what is the tongue anchored to? stabilized by?

A

hyoid and jaw

stabilized by lingual frenulum

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15
Q

what is it called when the tongue is too tightly bound to the floor of the mouth?

A

ankyloglossia

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16
Q

what is the soft palate?

A

muscular flap (continuation of the hard palate)

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17
Q

What makes up the hard palate?

A

palatine and maxilla

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18
Q 
define them: 
microglossa - 
macroglossia -  
ankyloglossia - 
Frenulae redux -
hairy tongue - **
A

microglossa - small tongue
macroglossia - large tongue
ankyloglossia - tongue tied (anchored tongue)
Frenulae redux - affects the fenulae (overgrowth)
hairy tongue - hypertrophy of FILIFORM PAPILLAE ** (smoking, dry mouth, poor oral hygiene

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19
Q

what are the 3 types of the teeth?

A
  1. enamel
    - hardest substance in the body (calcium phosphate)
  2. dentin
    - not as hard
    - forms roots and encloses pulp cavity
  3. cementum
    - cements tooth in socket
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20
Q

what is the pulp cavity? root canal?

A

hollow area in tooth
- contains blood vessels and nerve
root canal = narrow tunnel through each root

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21
Q

what are the 4 types of teeth and how many of each?

A

incisors (8) 1 root blade like cusp
Cuspids (canine) (4) 1 root conical pointed cusp
bicuspid (8) 1-2 roots blade like cusps
molars (8-12) 3-4 roots, large flattened crown

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22
Q

what are the 2 generations of teeth?

A
  1. deciduous teeth (milk/baby teeth (20 teeth)
    - erupt @ 6 months to 2 years (no bicuspids)
  2. adult teeth (non deciduous) (28 -32 teeth)
    - erupt @ 6-21 years
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23
Q

the gut has 4 tunics what are they? innermost to superficial?

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis
  4. serosa
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24
Q

what is the apperance of the mucosa epithelium? and its fuction?

A
  • mucosal epithelium = mucous membrane
  • secretes mucus to protect lining of gut
  • pleated appearance (plicae circularis or rugae)
    lamina propria (CT) supports overlying epithelium
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25
Q

what layer of the gut has exocrine glands?

A

submucosa

enzyme secretion = digests food

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26
Q

what layer of the gut is the meissners plexus of ANS fibers associated with?

A

Submucosa

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27
Q

what does the meisser’s plexus do?

A

controls the secretion of the submucosal gland

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28
Q

what layer of the gut is highly vascularized?

A

submucosa

= absorption of nutrients from food

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29
Q

what is the muscularis layer of the gut used for?

A

2 muscle layers = peristalsis

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30
Q

what muscle does the inner layer of the muscular tunic have?

A

inner layer: circular muscles

= decreases diameter better then increase in length

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31
Q

what muscle does the outer layer of the muscular tunic have?

A

outside layer: longitude muscles

- decreases tube length better than increases diameter

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32
Q

What layer is the myenteric plexus of ANS fibers associated with? what does it do?

A

Muscularis layer

- controls the peristalsis/ segmentation of chyme

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33
Q

what serous membrane is associated with the serosa layer of the gut?

A 
outermost layer (serous membrane)
- visceral peritoneum
34
Q

where does the esophagus extend from?

A

extends from pharynx to the stomach though the diaphragm

35
Q

describe the structure of the esophagus?

A

collapsible muscular tube (2 muscle layer)

36
Q

What are the 4 regions of the stomach?

A

cardia: entrance to the stomach (cardiac sphincter)
fundus: domed portion
body: greater and lesser curvature
pyloric: pyloric sphincter

37
Q

How many layers does the stomach have and name them?

A
  1. outer layer
  2. inner layer
  3. oblique layer
38
Q

what are variety of cell types that are produced in the stomach?

A

gastric juices: HCL, pepsinogen/pepsin and rennin (breakdown food)
mucous: protects walls from gastric juices

39
Q

what are some things that can happen to the stomach if there is something wrong?

A

gastic ulcers,
GERD - lower esophageal sphincter
diaphragmatic hernia - hole in diaphragm?

40
Q

is the small intestine mucosa more elaborate then gastric mucosa?

A

Yes

41
Q

what is the rugae in the small intestine called?

A

plicae circularis = increase surface area

42
Q

the pliquae are ormented where?

A

within the villi = increase surface area

43
Q

what is the epithelium in the SI?

A

columnar epithelium

microvilli = increase surface area

44
Q

how long is the SI?

A

15 - 25’ long

45
Q

what are the 3 segments of the SI?

A

duodenum (8-12’)
- submucosal glands produce mucus and buffers
- heptopancreatic sphincter and absorption
jejunum (7-9’) (majority of digestion and absorption
Ileum (8-14’) final digestion and absorption, GALT

46
Q

what are the 5 sections of LI?

A 
cecum - chyme enters cecum @ ileocecal valve
ascending right colon (10-16')
transverse middle colon (10-16')
descending left colon (10-16')
sigmoid (8-16")
47
Q

what is the purpose of the Large intestine?

A

dehydration/compaction of chyme > feces

48
Q

what are the 3 flexures of the LI?

A 
hepatic flexure (right ) - under liver
splenic flexure (left) - under spleen
sigmoid flexure: s shaped bent to pass down into pelvis
49
Q

what are the pouches formed by the colon muscle?

A

haustra

50
Q

what are the 3 longitudinal ribbons of muscle?

A

taenia coli

51
Q

what are the differences between the diverticulosis, diverticula, diverticulitis?

A

diverticulosis - are the presence of fluid inside
diverticula - out pocketing of colon wall (has blood vessels)
diverticulitis - are when diverticulosis becomes infected

52
Q

what does the appendix do?

A

blind pocket - minor lymphoid function

- helps form Ileocecal valve

53
Q

what are the fatty associated stuff on outside of colon?

A

epiplotic appendages

54
Q

what is considered highly muscular termination of the spinal cord?

A

rectum

- (6-8’)

55
Q

the rectum is what resistant?

A

abrasion resistant

- epithelium keratinized

56
Q

what is the muscular valve at the terminus of rectum?

A

anus
internal - ANS involuntary
external - voluntary
- the external wraps around the internal

57
Q

what is a ileostomy/colostomy?

A

resection of a portion of the gut

proximal end attaches to a surgical stoma (mouth) in the body wall

58
Q

who is at risk for hemrroids?

A
  • women @ the end of pregnacy

- body builders

59
Q

what is the largest organ in the body/ large blood reservoir?

A

Liver
- right left lobes
quadrate and caudate lobes

60
Q

what are the functions of the liver?

A
  • metabolize carbs, lipids and AA
  • stores vitamins and minerals
  • detoxify/remove wastes products (ammonia and urea)
  • inactive/removes various drugs and hormones
  • produce bile = emulsifies lipids
61
Q

where is the hepatic artery, hepatic vein and hepatic portal system going?

A
  • hepatic artery - (from celiac trunk)
  • hepatic vein - (return to IVC)
  • hepatic portal vein
62
Q

what does the gall bladder do?

A

stores excess bile

  • hollow thin muscular sac (Cyst)
  • simple structure: fundus, body, neck
63
Q

what is cholecystitis? Cholelithiasis?

A

cholecystitis - inflammation of the gallbladder

Cholelithiasis - presence of gallstones in the gallbladder

64
Q

what is Cirrhosis?

A 
or hepatitis?
destruction of hepatocytes due to:
- drugs 
- viral infection 
- blockage of hepatic ducts
65
Q

what is the hepatic portal hypertension?

A

blood cannot drain via the HPV so it finds alternate routes

- protocaval anastomses**

66
Q

what is the structure of the pancreas?

A

elongated organ with lumpy and granular texture

- located between the duodenum and stomach

67
Q

what are some endocrine secretions of the pancreas?

A

1%

glucagon: raises glucose levels in the blood
insulin: lowers blood glucose levels

68
Q

what are some of the exocrine secretions of the pancreas?

A

(enzymes) : 99%
proteinases : degrade proteins
Lipases: degrade protein
nucleases : degrade DNA and RNA

69
Q

where does the endocrine secretions go after the pancreas?

A

hepatic portal system

70
Q

where does the exocrine secretions go after the pancreas?

A

pancreatic duct and the duodenum

71
Q

what does mesenteries do?

A
  • suspends Gi tract from the walls of the cavity
  • supports/protect NAVL associated with the gut
  • regional/segmental terminology
    (durable DOUBLE LAYER of serous membrane)
72
Q

what are some of the developments associated with the gut?

A
  • mesentery sheets are found anterior and posterior
  • entire gut suspended freely within cavity
  • organization complicated by elongation of GI tract
73
Q

what does the mesentary proper do?

A

encloses the jejunum and ileum

- duodenum : secondary retroperitioneal

74
Q

what does the mesocolon do?

A

suspends transverse and sigmoid colon

75
Q

what does the lesser omentum do?

A

between stomach and liver

76
Q

what does the greater omentum do?

A

(mesogaster)
extends from greater curvature of stomach
- fat storage and locatlization of infection

77
Q

What does the coronary ligament do?

A

suspends liver from diaphram

78
Q

what does the falciform ligament do?

A

between liver and abdominal wall

- contains ligamentum venosum

79
Q

what are the retroperitoneal organs

A

not enclosed within the peritoneal cavity, pushed up against back body wall
- urogenital organs, aorta, vena cava (organs you don’t want moving)

80
Q

what are the 2nd retroperitoneal organs?

A

was once enclosed in peritoneal cavity, pushed posterior during development
- duodendum, pancreas, ascending colon, descending colon

81
Q

what are the peritoneal organs?

A

enclosed within peritoneal cavity

- stomach, liver, ileum jejunum, transverse colon

Human Anatomy (14 decks)

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