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Human Anatomy > Lecture 22 EXAM 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 22 EXAM 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 tunics of blood vessels?

A

tunica interna - thin endothelium
tunica Media - smooth Muscle
tunica externa - CT sheath around outside of vessel

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessles?

A
  1. Arteries - AWAY
  2. Veins - TO the heart
  3. Lymphatics - return lymph (interstitial fluid) to the heart
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3
Q

What does the tunica interna, media, externa in ARTERIES

A

round and thick walls
tunica interna - internal elastic membrane
tunica media - thick muscular layer
tunica externa - collagen and elastic fibers

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4
Q

What does the tunica interna, media, externa in VEINS?

A

Not always round, thin walls
tunica interna - smooth walls, no elastic membrane
tunica media - thin muscle layer
tunica externa - collagen and few elastic fibers

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5
Q

describe the blood vessel = Lymphatics ?

A 
return lymph (intersitial fluid) to heart
- VERY thin walled vessels with small valves
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6
Q

Where is all the blood ?

A

Heart and lungs = 15%
brain, arteries, capillaries = 20%
Skin, gut, liver, veins = 65%

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7
Q

What controls blood vessel diameter?

A

tunica media

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8
Q

What happens a BV vasoconstricts?

A

decrease in diameter

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9
Q

What happen when a BV vasodialates?

A

increase in diameter

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10
Q

What happens to BV in sympathetic response?

A

flight/fight

  • DILATION of capillary beds in muscles = increase O2 delivery
  • RESTICTION of blood supply to gut (redistribution blood)
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11
Q

What happens to BV in parasympathetic?

A

rest/digest

  • REDISTRIBUTE blood to gut (increase food absorption)
  • DILATION of cap. beds in gut (increase delivery of blood)
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12
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

Arteries = bulge in arterial wall

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13
Q

What is varcose veins?

A

varrcosity = VEINS

- veins swollen/distorted by valve failure

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14
Q

what is arteriosclerosis?

A

abnormal thickening/ridgity of arteries

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15
Q

What is ischemia?

A

Restricted blood supply to an organ

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16
Q

what is a Stroke called?

A

cerebrovascular Accident = CVA

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17
Q

What are hemorrhoids?

A

varicose veins of the rectum and anus

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18
Q

What are the Venous drainage system of limbs and skin?

A
  1. superficail v. deep veins
  2. varicose veins
  3. hemorrhoids
    Medium and large veins have VALVES**
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19
Q

Where are the superficial veins of the arm and where are they located?

A

cephalic (ceiling) - top of arm
basilic (basement) - bottom of arm
medial cubital - where they meet at elbow region

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20
Q

what are the superficial veins of the leg?

A

great saphenous

small saphenous

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21
Q

What does the external carotid supply blood to?

A

Skin and muscles of back

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22
Q

What supply’s blood to the brain tissue?

A
  • internal carotid canal via carotid canal
  • vertebral a. via foramen magnum
  • all branches held in place by arachnoid matter
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23
Q

what is the arterial circle?

A

aka circle of willis

  • made up of internal carotid a. and basilar a.
  • anastomoic ring than enclosed pituitary gland
  • distribution loop for arterial supply to brain
  • important pharmelogical/ physiological properties
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24
Q

what makes up the blood brain barrier?

A

astrocytes (neuroglia) and endothelial cells

  • restricted permeability
  • control chemical exchange btw brain and blood
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25
Q

Why does the neural tissue have to be isolated from general circulation?

A
  • because circulating chemicals have disruptive effects
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26
Q

what are the 2 exceptions to the blood brain barrier?

A
  1. capillaries in the choroid plexus
    - permeable : secretion of CSF
  2. capillaries in the epithalmus and hypothalmus
    - permeable: secretion of hormones into circulation
27
Q

where do most dural sinuses drain to?

A

internal jugular vein

28
Q

Where does blood from the brain stem drain into?

A

vertebral vein

29
Q

where does blood drain from the scalp, skin and muscles?

A

external jugular veins

30
Q

what makes up the brachiocephalic veins?

A

vertebral + jugular + subclavian

31
Q

what are the branches off of the celiac trunk?

A

Cowboys love sex

  • common hepatic - liver
  • left gastric - stomach
  • splenic - spleen and 1/2 of pancreas
32
Q

What are the branches off of the superior mesenteric? and the organs

A

MRI
middle colic - transverse colon
right colic - ascending colon
Intestinal - 1/2 pancreas, small intestine, appendix

33
Q

What are the branches off of the inferior mesenteric? and the organs

A

LSR
Left colic - descending colon
Sigmoid - sigmoid colon
Rectum - rectum

34
Q

what is the portal vein?

A

defined as a vessel between 2 capillary beds

delivers oxygen deficient blood

35
Q

the liver receives blood from what 2 sources?

A
  1. celiac a. - common hepatic a. - proper hepatic a.

2. hepatic portal v.

36
Q

What filters and modifies substance?

A

Liver

37
Q

the liver us drained by what into the inferior vena cava

A
  • hepatic vein
38
Q

what veins contribute to the hepatic portal vein?

A 
- splenic v.  
from stomach. spleen and pancreas
- Superior mesenteric v. 
from small intestine and colon
- inferior mesenteric v. 
from rectum and descending colon
39
Q

what is unique in fetal circulation?

A
  • lungs are non functional
  • Liver/kidneys are somewhat function able
  • digestive tract has “nothing” to digest
    These functions perform by maternal system (mother)
40
Q

describe the placenta?

A
  • Extraordinary mass of capillary beds
  • fetal and maternal capillaries are in close proximity (NEVER TOUCHES)
  • exchange materials through diffusion
  • embryo/ fetus attached to the placenta via umbilical cord
  • remnant scar on abdominal wall in adults
41
Q

What are the unique features of the fetal pulmonary circulation?

A
  1. Foramen ovale - (shunt) - in the interatrial septa
    - reduces amount of blood passing to RV
    (Away from right ventricle)
  2. Ductus arteriosus (Shunt) btw pulmonary trunk and aorta
    - blood in RV shunted (away from lungs) into aorta (blood away from pulmonary circuit to aorta)
42
Q

What are some of the fetal circulatory changes made at birth?

A
  • loss of umbilical arteries, veins and ductus venosus
  • ductus arteriosus closes (isolates pulm/syst. circuits)
  • neonate inhales/expands lungs, pulmonary circuit starts
  • blood flows to left atrium = foramen ovale closes
  • may take up to 3- months for shunts to completely close
43
Q

What happens when Foramen Ovale does not close?

A
  • pulmonary shunt #1 remains intact = BLUE BABY
44
Q

What happens when the Ductus Arteriosus does not close?

A

Pulmonary shunt #2 remain s intact = BLUE BABY

45
Q

What happens when there is a coarctation of the aorta (complicated)?

A

aorta (not ductus arteriosus ) closes

- critical to develop a collateral circulation

46
Q

does the lymphatic system has valves?

A

YES

47
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  • production, maintenance, distribution of lymphocytes
  • return of interstitial fluid from tissues to the blood
  • maintain osmotic balance in peripheral tissues
48
Q

What are lyphopoiesis?

A

production of lymphocytes

- bone marrow thymus, peripheral lymphoid tissues

49
Q

Wha makes up the lymphatic organs?

A

thymus, tonsils, spleen GALT

50
Q

What makes up the lymph Fluid ?

A

Fluid similar to plasma but with fewer proteins

51
Q

How do lymphatic vessels compare to vascular capillaries?

A

lymphatic vessels are slightly larger

52
Q

Right and Left lymphatic ducts return lymph to What?

A

R/L subclavian veins

53
Q

True or false Lymphatic vessels do not have Valves?

A

FALSE = They have valves to ensure one - way flow of lymph

54
Q

Lymphatic vessels combine to from larger ducts Where are they on the body?

A

Right lymphatic duct - drains the R. arm, R. shoulder, both legs, , R. half of face
Left lymphatic duct - everything else

55
Q

What is Edema??

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid peripheral tissues (swelling)

56
Q

What does Lymph nodes do?

A

Filtering system fro the circulating lymph

  • removes 99% antigens before returning lymph to blood
  • location of fixed macrophages (monocytes)
57
Q

Describe Lymph nodes structurally?

A

small lymphnoids organs (<10 mm in diameter

- wide spread throughout the body?

58
Q

What are the 3 tonsils?

A
  1. pharyngeal (adenoids) - roof of nasopharynx
  2. Palatine x 2 = sides of mouth at the rear of the oral cavity
  3. Lingual - at roof of tonuge
59
Q

describe the tonsils?

A
  • tonsils encircle the opening of resp. / dig. systems

- identify pathogens from inspired air/ ingested foods

60
Q

What is a tonsillectomy?

A

Surgical removal of (typically palatine) tonsils

61
Q

What is a adenoidectomy?

A
  • surgical removal of pharyngeal tonsils
62
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A
  • largest lymphoid mass/tissue in body
  • removes abnormal RBC/WBC
  • stores iron from recycled RBC
  • initiate immune response by B and T cells
63
Q

Describe GALT?

A

gut associated - lymphoid Tissue

  • Immune response with GI tract
  • Peyer’s patches (lymphoid nodules) in lining of S.I.
64
Q

Describe GALT?

A

gut associated - lymphoid Tissue

  • Immune response with GI tract
  • Peyer’s patches (lymphoid nodules) in lining of S.I.

Human Anatomy (14 decks)

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