Lecture 22 EXAM 4 Flashcards
what are the 3 tunics of blood vessels?
tunica interna - thin endothelium
tunica Media - smooth Muscle
tunica externa - CT sheath around outside of vessel
What are the 3 types of blood vessles?
- Arteries - AWAY
- Veins - TO the heart
- Lymphatics - return lymph (interstitial fluid) to the heart
What does the tunica interna, media, externa in ARTERIES
round and thick walls
tunica interna - internal elastic membrane
tunica media - thick muscular layer
tunica externa - collagen and elastic fibers
What does the tunica interna, media, externa in VEINS?
Not always round, thin walls
tunica interna - smooth walls, no elastic membrane
tunica media - thin muscle layer
tunica externa - collagen and few elastic fibers
describe the blood vessel = Lymphatics ?
return lymph (intersitial fluid) to heart - VERY thin walled vessels with small valves
Where is all the blood ?
Heart and lungs = 15%
brain, arteries, capillaries = 20%
Skin, gut, liver, veins = 65%
What controls blood vessel diameter?
tunica media
What happens a BV vasoconstricts?
decrease in diameter
What happen when a BV vasodialates?
increase in diameter
What happens to BV in sympathetic response?
flight/fight
- DILATION of capillary beds in muscles = increase O2 delivery
- RESTICTION of blood supply to gut (redistribution blood)
What happens to BV in parasympathetic?
rest/digest
- REDISTRIBUTE blood to gut (increase food absorption)
- DILATION of cap. beds in gut (increase delivery of blood)
What is an aneurysm?
Arteries = bulge in arterial wall
What is varcose veins?
varrcosity = VEINS
- veins swollen/distorted by valve failure
what is arteriosclerosis?
abnormal thickening/ridgity of arteries
What is ischemia?
Restricted blood supply to an organ
what is a Stroke called?
cerebrovascular Accident = CVA
What are hemorrhoids?
varicose veins of the rectum and anus
What are the Venous drainage system of limbs and skin?
- superficail v. deep veins
- varicose veins
- hemorrhoids
Medium and large veins have VALVES**
Where are the superficial veins of the arm and where are they located?
cephalic (ceiling) - top of arm
basilic (basement) - bottom of arm
medial cubital - where they meet at elbow region
what are the superficial veins of the leg?
great saphenous
small saphenous
What does the external carotid supply blood to?
Skin and muscles of back
What supply’s blood to the brain tissue?
- internal carotid canal via carotid canal
- vertebral a. via foramen magnum
- all branches held in place by arachnoid matter
what is the arterial circle?
aka circle of willis
- made up of internal carotid a. and basilar a.
- anastomoic ring than enclosed pituitary gland
- distribution loop for arterial supply to brain
- important pharmelogical/ physiological properties
what makes up the blood brain barrier?
astrocytes (neuroglia) and endothelial cells
- restricted permeability
- control chemical exchange btw brain and blood
Why does the neural tissue have to be isolated from general circulation?
- because circulating chemicals have disruptive effects
what are the 2 exceptions to the blood brain barrier?
- capillaries in the choroid plexus
- permeable : secretion of CSF - capillaries in the epithalmus and hypothalmus
- permeable: secretion of hormones into circulation
where do most dural sinuses drain to?
internal jugular vein
Where does blood from the brain stem drain into?
vertebral vein
where does blood drain from the scalp, skin and muscles?
external jugular veins
what makes up the brachiocephalic veins?
vertebral + jugular + subclavian
what are the branches off of the celiac trunk?
Cowboys love sex
- common hepatic - liver
- left gastric - stomach
- splenic - spleen and 1/2 of pancreas
What are the branches off of the superior mesenteric? and the organs
MRI
middle colic - transverse colon
right colic - ascending colon
Intestinal - 1/2 pancreas, small intestine, appendix
What are the branches off of the inferior mesenteric? and the organs
LSR
Left colic - descending colon
Sigmoid - sigmoid colon
Rectum - rectum
what is the portal vein?
defined as a vessel between 2 capillary beds
delivers oxygen deficient blood
the liver receives blood from what 2 sources?
- celiac a. - common hepatic a. - proper hepatic a.
2. hepatic portal v.
What filters and modifies substance?
Liver
the liver us drained by what into the inferior vena cava
- hepatic vein
what veins contribute to the hepatic portal vein?
- splenic v. from stomach. spleen and pancreas - Superior mesenteric v. from small intestine and colon - inferior mesenteric v. from rectum and descending colon
what is unique in fetal circulation?
- lungs are non functional
- Liver/kidneys are somewhat function able
- digestive tract has “nothing” to digest
These functions perform by maternal system (mother)
describe the placenta?
- Extraordinary mass of capillary beds
- fetal and maternal capillaries are in close proximity (NEVER TOUCHES)
- exchange materials through diffusion
- embryo/ fetus attached to the placenta via umbilical cord
- remnant scar on abdominal wall in adults
What are the unique features of the fetal pulmonary circulation?
- Foramen ovale - (shunt) - in the interatrial septa
- reduces amount of blood passing to RV
(Away from right ventricle) - Ductus arteriosus (Shunt) btw pulmonary trunk and aorta
- blood in RV shunted (away from lungs) into aorta (blood away from pulmonary circuit to aorta)
What are some of the fetal circulatory changes made at birth?
- loss of umbilical arteries, veins and ductus venosus
- ductus arteriosus closes (isolates pulm/syst. circuits)
- neonate inhales/expands lungs, pulmonary circuit starts
- blood flows to left atrium = foramen ovale closes
- may take up to 3- months for shunts to completely close
What happens when Foramen Ovale does not close?
- pulmonary shunt #1 remains intact = BLUE BABY
What happens when the Ductus Arteriosus does not close?
Pulmonary shunt #2 remain s intact = BLUE BABY
What happens when there is a coarctation of the aorta (complicated)?
aorta (not ductus arteriosus ) closes
- critical to develop a collateral circulation
does the lymphatic system has valves?
YES
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
- production, maintenance, distribution of lymphocytes
- return of interstitial fluid from tissues to the blood
- maintain osmotic balance in peripheral tissues
What are lyphopoiesis?
production of lymphocytes
- bone marrow thymus, peripheral lymphoid tissues
Wha makes up the lymphatic organs?
thymus, tonsils, spleen GALT
What makes up the lymph Fluid ?
Fluid similar to plasma but with fewer proteins
How do lymphatic vessels compare to vascular capillaries?
lymphatic vessels are slightly larger
Right and Left lymphatic ducts return lymph to What?
R/L subclavian veins
True or false Lymphatic vessels do not have Valves?
FALSE = They have valves to ensure one - way flow of lymph
Lymphatic vessels combine to from larger ducts Where are they on the body?
Right lymphatic duct - drains the R. arm, R. shoulder, both legs, , R. half of face
Left lymphatic duct - everything else
What is Edema??
abnormal accumulation of fluid peripheral tissues (swelling)
What does Lymph nodes do?
Filtering system fro the circulating lymph
- removes 99% antigens before returning lymph to blood
- location of fixed macrophages (monocytes)
Describe Lymph nodes structurally?
small lymphnoids organs (<10 mm in diameter
- wide spread throughout the body?
What are the 3 tonsils?
- pharyngeal (adenoids) - roof of nasopharynx
- Palatine x 2 = sides of mouth at the rear of the oral cavity
- Lingual - at roof of tonuge
describe the tonsils?
- tonsils encircle the opening of resp. / dig. systems
- identify pathogens from inspired air/ ingested foods
What is a tonsillectomy?
Surgical removal of (typically palatine) tonsils
What is a adenoidectomy?
- surgical removal of pharyngeal tonsils
What is the function of the spleen?
- largest lymphoid mass/tissue in body
- removes abnormal RBC/WBC
- stores iron from recycled RBC
- initiate immune response by B and T cells
Describe GALT?
gut associated - lymphoid Tissue
- Immune response with GI tract
- Peyer’s patches (lymphoid nodules) in lining of S.I.
Describe GALT?
gut associated - lymphoid Tissue
- Immune response with GI tract
- Peyer’s patches (lymphoid nodules) in lining of S.I.
