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Human Anatomy > Lecture 21 EXAM 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 21 EXAM 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  1. trasport:
    - Oxygen
    - carbon dioxide
    - nutrients (digested food)
    - hormones to target organs
    - wastes to kidney/lungs
  2. regulate blood PH and electrolyte composition
  3. defend against pathogens (white blood cells)
  4. restrict blood loss through injury sites (sealant)
  5. stabilization of body temp
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2
Q

What is the blood composition?

A
  • Plasma (55% volume)
  • Plasma protein
    - transport of hormones + lipids, framework for clots
  • Formed elements (45% volume)
    - red blood cells - O2/Co2 transport
    - white blood cells - immunological defense
    - platelets - cell fragments that aid blood clotting defense
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3
Q

what do platelets do?

A

cell fragments that aid in blood clotting defense

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4
Q

What do RBC do?

A

99.9% O2 /CO2 transport

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5
Q

what is the general structure of the heart?

A

4 chambers
2 separate circuits = separation of oxy/de-oxy blood
interatrial, interventricular and atroventricular septa
base of heart (attachment of large vessels)
apex of heart (ventricles)

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6
Q

what are the 5 linings and coverings of the heart?

A 
myocardium 
endocardium 
visceral pericardium 
Parietal pericardium 
pericardial sac
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7
Q

where is the myocardium?

A

(middle layer) - wall varies in thickness

- atria and ventricles are separate f(x) components

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8
Q

Where is the endocardium? what makes up the smooth inner surface?

A

inner lining (most inside)
smooth inner surface: elastic and collagenous fibers
covers the surface of chambers and valves

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9
Q

Where is the visceral pericardium?

A

aka epicardium

- serous membrane on outer surface of heart

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10
Q

Where is the parietal pericardium?

A

“shrink wrap”
serous membrane that contributes to the pericardial sac
reflects onto the heart surface as visceral pericardium (looks over acts as a “parent”)

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11
Q

What makes up the pericardial sac?

A

mostly a 2 x layered membrane
inner layer - parietal pericardium
outer layer - parietal pleura

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12
Q

what is the mediastinum?

A

Space between lungs

contains:
- esophagus
- trachea
- great vessels
- NAVL’s
- the heart itself

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13
Q

what is the pericardial cavity?

A

space between the parietal and visceral pericardia

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14
Q

what is pericardtis?

A

inflammation of the pericardia

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15
Q

what is cardiac tamponae?

A

pericardial cavity fills with blood

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16
Q

describe cardiac muscle? what is it connected by?

A

single nucleus
- branched - connected by intercalary disc = helps communicate
striated

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17
Q

what makes up the right atrium?

A

superior and inferior vena cava
coronary sinus
pectinate muscles
right atrioventricular valve (aka tricuspid)

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18
Q

What makes up the right ventricle?

A

right atrioventricular valve aka = tricuspid
papillary muscles anchors cordae tendinae
trabeculae carneae = prevents sloshing
pulmonary semilunar valve (3 cusps)
pulmonary trunk

19
Q

what makes up the left atrium?

A

4 pulmonary veins
pectinate muscles
left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid/mitral = 2 cusps)

20
Q

what makes up the left ventricle?

A
  • left atrioventricular valve aka bicuspid/mitral
  • papillary muscles anchor chordae tendineae
  • trabeculae carnea
  • left (aortic) semilunar valve (3 cusps)
  • aorta
21
Q

what is the significance of Coronary valves? bad seal?

A

insure one-way flow of blood through heart
bad seal? - regurgitation
- regurgitation reduces heart efficiency
- regurgitaton = gurgling/fluttering sound = murmer
move valve problems are associated with A/V valves

22
Q

what is mitral valve prolapse?

A

failure of chords/papillary m.s. to stabilize bicuspid valve

23
Q

systolic vs. diastolic

A

systolic - contraction of the myocardium

diastolic - relaxation of the myocardium

24
Q

what is a heart murmur?

A

mechanical failure of heart valve

- gurgling/futtering sound

25
Q

what is the order of blood through heart?

A
  1. atrial systole injects blood into ventricles
  2. ventricles fill, and AV valves start to close
  3. atrial Diastole
  4. ventricle systole injects blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery
  5. LUPP sound
  6. back pressure builds up on semilunar valves
  7. DUPP sound
  8. ventricle diastole
26
Q

Where is the Sino-atrial (SA) node?

A

medial wall of the right atrium

  • pacemaker (nodal) cells are responsible for heart rate
  • electrical wave
27
Q

What atrio-ventricular (AV) node?

A

located at the junction between the atria and ventricles

- connected to the SA node

28
Q

What is the bundle of His?

A

AV bundle
runs from the AV node through the interventricular septum
- purkinjie fibers branch then out into ventricular walls
flows from Apex -> UP

29
Q

What node initiates its own heartbeat?

A

SA node = Baseline

30
Q

what system controls a slowed heart rate and accelerated heart rate? and hormone?

A

slowed heart rate: parasympathetic = acetylcholine

accelerated heart rate: sympathetic = Norepinephrine

31
Q

anginia pectoris?

A

referred pain associated with MI (myocardial infraction)

32
Q

Embolous

A

drifting clot in the circulation (LOOSE)

33
Q

Embolism

A

Blockage due to the clot (stoped

34
Q

coronary ischemia

A

restricted blood supply to myocardium

- think of coronary arterys

35
Q

bradycardia

A

slower than normal heart rate

36
Q

tachycardia

A

faster than normal heart rate

37
Q

infarction

A

tissue death due to blockage

38
Q

What are the first branches off of the aorta?

A

R and L coronary arteries

39
Q

What comes off of the Right Coronary Artery (RCA)

A
  • anterior ventricular a.
  • marginal a. - right margin of heart
  • posterior interventricular a.
40
Q

What comes off of the Left Coronary Artery

A
  • anterior interventricula a.
  • circumflex branch - continues around left side
  • left marginal a. left margin of heart
  • posterior ventricular
41
Q

what is the venous drainage of the myocardium on the anterior side?

A

great cardiac vein (drains myocardium)

anterior cardiac veins

42
Q

what is the venous drainage of the myocardium on the posterior side?

A

Posterior cardiac vein

Middle cardiac vein

43
Q

what is the venous drainage of the myocardium on the coronary sinus?

A

Cardiac veins combine to form the coronary sinus

coronary sinus drains into right atrium

Human Anatomy (14 decks)

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