Lecture 21 EXAM 4 Flashcards
What are the functions of blood?
- trasport:
- Oxygen
- carbon dioxide
- nutrients (digested food)
- hormones to target organs
- wastes to kidney/lungs - regulate blood PH and electrolyte composition
- defend against pathogens (white blood cells)
- restrict blood loss through injury sites (sealant)
- stabilization of body temp
What is the blood composition?
- Plasma (55% volume)
- Plasma protein
- transport of hormones + lipids, framework for clots - Formed elements (45% volume)
- red blood cells - O2/Co2 transport
- white blood cells - immunological defense
- platelets - cell fragments that aid blood clotting defense
what do platelets do?
cell fragments that aid in blood clotting defense
What do RBC do?
99.9% O2 /CO2 transport
what is the general structure of the heart?
4 chambers
2 separate circuits = separation of oxy/de-oxy blood
interatrial, interventricular and atroventricular septa
base of heart (attachment of large vessels)
apex of heart (ventricles)
what are the 5 linings and coverings of the heart?
myocardium endocardium visceral pericardium Parietal pericardium pericardial sac
where is the myocardium?
(middle layer) - wall varies in thickness
- atria and ventricles are separate f(x) components
Where is the endocardium? what makes up the smooth inner surface?
inner lining (most inside)
smooth inner surface: elastic and collagenous fibers
covers the surface of chambers and valves
Where is the visceral pericardium?
aka epicardium
- serous membrane on outer surface of heart
Where is the parietal pericardium?
“shrink wrap”
serous membrane that contributes to the pericardial sac
reflects onto the heart surface as visceral pericardium (looks over acts as a “parent”)
What makes up the pericardial sac?
mostly a 2 x layered membrane
inner layer - parietal pericardium
outer layer - parietal pleura
what is the mediastinum?
Space between lungs
contains:
- esophagus
- trachea
- great vessels
- NAVL’s
- the heart itself
what is the pericardial cavity?
space between the parietal and visceral pericardia
what is pericardtis?
inflammation of the pericardia
what is cardiac tamponae?
pericardial cavity fills with blood
describe cardiac muscle? what is it connected by?
single nucleus
- branched - connected by intercalary disc = helps communicate
striated
what makes up the right atrium?
superior and inferior vena cava
coronary sinus
pectinate muscles
right atrioventricular valve (aka tricuspid)
What makes up the right ventricle?
right atrioventricular valve aka = tricuspid
papillary muscles anchors cordae tendinae
trabeculae carneae = prevents sloshing
pulmonary semilunar valve (3 cusps)
pulmonary trunk
what makes up the left atrium?
4 pulmonary veins
pectinate muscles
left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid/mitral = 2 cusps)
what makes up the left ventricle?
- left atrioventricular valve aka bicuspid/mitral
- papillary muscles anchor chordae tendineae
- trabeculae carnea
- left (aortic) semilunar valve (3 cusps)
- aorta
what is the significance of Coronary valves? bad seal?
insure one-way flow of blood through heart
bad seal? - regurgitation
- regurgitation reduces heart efficiency
- regurgitaton = gurgling/fluttering sound = murmer
move valve problems are associated with A/V valves
what is mitral valve prolapse?
failure of chords/papillary m.s. to stabilize bicuspid valve
systolic vs. diastolic
systolic - contraction of the myocardium
diastolic - relaxation of the myocardium
what is a heart murmur?
mechanical failure of heart valve
- gurgling/futtering sound
what is the order of blood through heart?
- atrial systole injects blood into ventricles
- ventricles fill, and AV valves start to close
- atrial Diastole
- ventricle systole injects blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery
- LUPP sound
- back pressure builds up on semilunar valves
- DUPP sound
- ventricle diastole
Where is the Sino-atrial (SA) node?
medial wall of the right atrium
- pacemaker (nodal) cells are responsible for heart rate
- electrical wave
What atrio-ventricular (AV) node?
located at the junction between the atria and ventricles
- connected to the SA node
What is the bundle of His?
AV bundle
runs from the AV node through the interventricular septum
- purkinjie fibers branch then out into ventricular walls
flows from Apex -> UP
What node initiates its own heartbeat?
SA node = Baseline
what system controls a slowed heart rate and accelerated heart rate? and hormone?
slowed heart rate: parasympathetic = acetylcholine
accelerated heart rate: sympathetic = Norepinephrine
anginia pectoris?
referred pain associated with MI (myocardial infraction)
Embolous
drifting clot in the circulation (LOOSE)
Embolism
Blockage due to the clot (stoped
coronary ischemia
restricted blood supply to myocardium
- think of coronary arterys
bradycardia
slower than normal heart rate
tachycardia
faster than normal heart rate
infarction
tissue death due to blockage
What are the first branches off of the aorta?
R and L coronary arteries
What comes off of the Right Coronary Artery (RCA)
- anterior ventricular a.
- marginal a. - right margin of heart
- posterior interventricular a.
What comes off of the Left Coronary Artery
- anterior interventricula a.
- circumflex branch - continues around left side
- left marginal a. left margin of heart
- posterior ventricular
what is the venous drainage of the myocardium on the anterior side?
great cardiac vein (drains myocardium)
anterior cardiac veins
what is the venous drainage of the myocardium on the posterior side?
Posterior cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
what is the venous drainage of the myocardium on the coronary sinus?
Cardiac veins combine to form the coronary sinus
coronary sinus drains into right atrium
