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EMS > Lecture 23: Micro-organisms in Disease: Infection 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 23: Micro-organisms in Disease: Infection 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Pathogenicity?

A

The capacity of a micro-organism to cause infection

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2
Q

What are the requirements of pathogenicity?

A

Transmissibility
Establishment in or on a host
Harmful effect(s)
Persistence

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3
Q

What is harm often mediated by?

A

Harm is often mediated by host response, rather than by the pathogen itself

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4
Q

What is virulence?

A

May be used interchangeably to describe pathogenicity
Virulence sometimes defined as the degree to which a micro-organism is able to cause disease.
Allows a relative description of pathogenic potential

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5
Q

What is Infectivity?

A

The ability of a micro-organism to become established on/in a host

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6
Q

What is infectivity mediated by?

A

Microbial ligand
Host cell surface receptor

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7
Q

What is virulence factor?

A

Components of a microorganism which aid its ability to cause infection (infectivity and virulence). Encoded by virulence genes.

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8
Q

What are some examples of virulence factor?

A

Facilitation of adhesion
Toxic effect(s)
Tissue-damage
Interference with host defence mechanisms
Facilitation of invasion
Modulation of the host cytokine responses

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9
Q

True or false: All fungi are eukaryotic?

A

True

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10
Q

What makes up the wall that most fungi possess?

A

Chitin

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11
Q

Name the tree types of disease causing fungi?

A
  1. Yeast
  2. Filamentous (moulds)
  3. Dimorphic (Yeast and mould)
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12
Q

What is Oral candidiasis (Thrush) an example of?

A

Dysbiosis fungi (Halfway between yeast and mould)

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13
Q

What is found within a yeast cell?

A

Membrane
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Cell wall (Chitin)
Bud scar
Lipid granule
Vacuole

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14
Q

What common infections do mould cause?

A

Ringworm
Athletes foot

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15
Q

3What uncommon infections do moulds cause?

A

Severe infections such as:
Aspergillosis (Infection of lung)
Mucormycosis

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16
Q

How do mould replicate?

A

Sexual or asexual
(Based on spores)

17
Q

What occurs during germination spores?

A

Mycelia form
If the two mating types are close in proximity, extensions called gametangia form between them

18
Q

What occurs during plasmogamy?

A

Fusion between mating types results in a zygosporangium with multiple haploid nuclei.
The zygosporangium forms a thick, protective coat.

19
Q

What happens during Karyogamy?

A

The nuclei fuses to form a zygote with multiple diploid nuclei

20
Q

What happens during meiosis and germination?

A

A sporangium grows on a short stalk.
Haploid spores are formed inside.

21
Q

What are the two types of parasites?

A
  1. Protozoa (Protists) - Unicellular
  2. Helminths (Worms) - Multicellular
22
Q

How do parasites replicate?

A

Can be complex
Sexually or asexually
May require multiple hosts to complete cycle
May include cyst formations as a mode of survival

23
Q

What are viruses?

A

Obligate intracellular parasites
Nucleic acid core wrapped in a protein coat (Some have a lipid envelope)
Every class of organism suffers from virus infection

24
Q

What are the 6 stages of the virus lifecycle?

A
  1. Attachment
    2.Penetration
    3.Uncoating
    4.Release
  2. Assembly
  3. Biosynthesis
25
Q

What happens during the attachment phase of the virus lifecycle?

A

virus becomes attached to a target epithelial cell

26
Q

What happens during the penetration phase of the virus lifecycle?

A

The cell engulfs the virus by endocytosis

27
Q

What happens during the uncoating phase of the virus lifecycle?

A

Viral contents are released

28
Q

What happens during the release phase of the virus lifecycle?

A

New viral particles are made and released into the extracellular fluid. The cell, which is not killed in the process continues to make new viruses.

29
Q

What happens during the assembly phase of the virus lifecycle?

A

New phage particles are absorbed

30
Q

What happens during the biosynthesis phase of the virus lifecycle?

A

Viral RNA enters the nucleus where it is replicated by the viral RNA polymerase.

31
Q

What is 2 things produced by early virus proteins?

A

Polymerase
Integrase

32
Q

What are Prions?

A

Misfolded proteins, with no genetic material

33
Q

How do prions arise?

A

Can be inherited, spread via contaminated material or occur spontaneously

EMS (54 decks)

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