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EMS > Lecture 21: Micro-organisms: Classification, structure, and replication > Flashcards

Lecture 21: Micro-organisms: Classification, structure, and replication Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of Bacteria:

A

Bacteria are simple, single cell organisms.
Bacterial cells lack a membrane bound nucleus.
Cells like these are prokaryotes not eukaryotes
Not all prokaryotes are bacteria!

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2
Q

What are the three domains?

A

1) bacteria

2) archaea

3) eukaryotes

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3
Q

What two Linnean subgroups are used when naming bacteria?

A

genus and species

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4
Q

What genetics are used in modern classification of bacteria?

A

hypervariable regions in 16S ribosomal RNA

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5
Q

Name two places where genetic information is found in bacteria:

A

1) nucleoid

2) plasmids

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6
Q

How many chromosomes do bacteria cells have?

A

1

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7
Q

Where is the bacterial chromosome located?

A

nucleoid

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8
Q

What is the function of the flagella?

A

Locomotion

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9
Q

What term is used to describe a single flagella at a single pole of the cell?

A

monotrichous

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10
Q

What term is used to describe numerous flagella at a single pole of the cell?

A

lophotrichous

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11
Q

What term is used to describe single flagella at two opposite poles of a cell?

A

amphitrichous

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12
Q

What term is used to describe multiple flagella at opposite poles of a cell?

A

pertirichous

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13
Q

What is the function of pilli/ fimbriae?

A

adhesion to other cells

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14
Q

What type of macromolecule makes up bacterial plasmids?

A

polysaccharide

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15
Q

What 3 things do bacterial plasmids protect bacteria from?

A

1) phagocytosis and immune responses

2) antibiotics

3) desiccation

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16
Q

What is desication?

A

Drying out

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17
Q

What is another term for a capsule?

A

slime layer

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18
Q

What is a biofilm?

A

a community of bacteria grouped by a surrounding extracellular polymeric capsule

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19
Q

What are endospores?

A

inert versions of bacteria that store genetic material in harsh conditions

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20
Q

Give two genuses of bacteria that can form endospores:

A

1) Bacillus

2) Clostridium

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21
Q

Describe gram positive cell walls:

A

thick peptidoglycan layers (up to 40 layers)

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22
Q

Give 4 gram positive bacterial genuses:

A

1) Clostridium

2) Bacillus

3) Streptococcus

4) Staphylococcus

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23
Q

Why is it that gram positive bacteria are likely to be found on the skin?

A

the thick peptidoglycan wall prevents the bacteria from drying out

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24
Q

Describe gram negative cell walls:

A

thin peptidoglycan layer with an inner and outer membrane

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25
Q

Why is it that many gram negative bacteria are resistant to numerous antibiotics?

A

Why is it that many gram negative bacteria are resistant to numerous antibiotics?

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26
Q

What molecules cover the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria?

A

lipopolysaccharide endotoxins

27
Q

Describe mycobacterial cell walls:

A

waxy outer layer

28
Q

Give an example of a bacteria genus that has no peptidoglycan in their cell wall:

A

Chlamydia

29
Q

What colour does gram positive bacteria turn in a gram stain test?

A

blue/ purple

30
Q

What colour does gram negative bacteria turn in a gram stain test?

A

Pink

31
Q

What is the name given to spherical bacteria?

A

coccus

32
Q

What is the name given to rod shaped bacteria?

A

Bacillus

33
Q

What is the name given to long, wiggly bacteria?

A

Spirochele

34
Q

What is the name given to long, thin and overlapping bacteria?

A

Filamentous

35
Q

What is the name of two spherical bacteria joined together?

A

Diplococci

36
Q

What is the name of a chain of spherical bacteria?

A

Streptococci

37
Q

What is the name of a grape bunch of spherical bacteria?

A

Staphylococci

38
Q

What mechanism of replication does bacteria use?

A

binary fission

39
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer?

A

the movement of genetic material between cellular organisms

40
Q

What are the three types of horizontal gene transfer seen in bacteria?

A

1) conjugation

2) transformation

3) transduction

41
Q

What is conjugation horizontal gene transfer?

A

a pilus providing union between cells for lateral genetic transfer

42
Q

What is transformation horizontal gene transfer?

A

a cell grabbing genetic material from the external environment and adding it to the genome via homologous recombination

43
Q

What is transduction horizontal gene transfer?

A

where a bacteriophage adds genetic material to a bacterial cell via homologous recombination

44
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

A virus that infects bacteria

45
Q

Are fungi eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

46
Q

What molecule is a key component in fungal cell walls?

A

Chitin

47
Q

What are yeasts

A

Unicellular fungi

48
Q

What are moulds?

A

multicellular, filamentous fungi

49
Q

Is thrush caused by a yeast or mould?

A

Yeast

50
Q

What infectious effects do moulds have?

A

they cause common superficial infections such as ring worm and athletes foot

51
Q

True or false: moulds can reproduce sexually or asexually

A

True

52
Q

Give two examples of helminths:

A

1) Schistosoma

2) Taenia

53
Q

True or false: parasites can be unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes

A

True

54
Q

True or false: parasites can reproduce sexually or asexually

A

True

55
Q

What is a common survival mechanism used by parasites in reproductive cycles?

A

Cyst formation

56
Q

True or false: viruses are livng organisms

A

false

57
Q

Describe the basic structure of viruses:

A

nucleic acid core wrapped in a protein coat

58
Q

Where do viruses get their lipid envelopes from?

A

host cells (helps them evade host’s immune system)

59
Q

How do retroviruses add their genetic material to host cell genomes?

A

they convert their RNA into cDNA using reverse transcriptase

60
Q

Describe the virus cycle: (5)

A

1) they attach to host cells using receptors and enter via endocytosis

2) they un-coat and target the nucleus with its genetic material

3) this leads to the production of early viral proteins such as integrase and polymerase

4) later, late viral proteins such as capsid molecules are produced

5) viruses are released from host cells via cell lysis or budding

61
Q

What are prions?

A

Misfolded proteins

62
Q

How do prions cause disease?

A

they aggregate and cause misfolding of native proteins

63
Q

Give two examples of prion diseases:

A

1) Creutzfeldt Jakob disease

2) Kuru

EMS (54 decks)

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