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EMS > Lecture 17: Cell Injury and Cell Death > Flashcards

Lecture 17: Cell Injury and Cell Death Flashcards

1
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Severe cell swelling and rupture

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2
Q

What is Apoptosis?

A

Internally controlled cell death

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3
Q

What is oncosis?

A

Internally controlled cell death

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4
Q

What are two types of cellular adaptations?

A

Hypertrophy
Atrophy

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5
Q

What is Hypertrophy?

A

the enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of its cells.

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6
Q

What is atrophy?

A

A progressive and degeneration or shrikage of muscles or nerve tissues

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7
Q

What are some causes of cell Injury?

A

Hypoxia
Physical agents
Temperature, trauma, radiation
Chemical agents
Drugs etc
Immunologic reactions
Infectious agents
Genetic derangements
Nutritional imbalances

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8
Q

What mode if action does trauma take in cellular injury?

A

Mechanical disruption of tissue

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9
Q

What mode if action does Contact with strong acid
take in cellular injury?

A

Coagulates tissue protein

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10
Q

What mode if action does Carbon Monoxide inhalation take in cellular injury?

A

Prevents oxygen transport

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11
Q

What mode if action does Paracetamol Overdose
take in cellular injury?

A

Metabolites bind to liver cell protein and lipoproteins

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12
Q

What mode if action does Bacterial Infections
take in cellular injury?

A

Toxins and enzymes

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13
Q

What mode if action does Ionising radiations
take in cellular injury?

A

Damage to DNA

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14
Q

5 general biochemical mechanisms?

A

ATP depletions
Oxygen and oxygen derived free radicals
Loss of intercellular calcium hemostasis
Defects in membrane permeability
Irreversible mitochondrial damage

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15
Q

What are three different types of Cell injury?

A

Reversible cell injury
Irreversible cell injury
Ischaemic/Reperfusion injury

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16
Q

What is reversible cell injury?

A

Cell swelling, pallor, hydropic change, vacuolar degeneration

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17
Q

What is irreversible cell injury?

A

Mitochondrial swelling, lysosomes swells, damage to membrane, leakages of enzymes

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18
Q

What is Ischaemic/ Reperfusion injury?

A

New damage on reperfusion mediated by free oxygen radicals

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19
Q

What are some examples of reversible Cell injury?

A

Decrease generation of ATP
Loss of cell membrane integrity
Defects in protein synthesis and DNA damage

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20
Q

What are some examples of irreversible cell injury?

A

Sever mitochondrial changes
Extensive damage to plasma membranes
Swelling of lysosomes

21
Q

How does cellular swelling occur?

A
  1. Decrease in ATP
  2. Decrease in activity of Na/K Pump
  3. Increase in Na in the cell
  4. Increase in water in cell (Osmosis)
  5. Cellular swelling
22
Q

Describe one pathway of Enzymatic Degradation Cell?

A
  1. Membrane damage to Lysosomes
  2. Leakage of Lysosomal Enzymes into Cytosol
    3.Enzymatic Degradation of the cell
23
Q

Describe the pathway of Enzymatic degradation of cell starting with damage to cell membrane?

A
  1. Damage to cell membrane
  2. Increase in Ca in cell
  3. Ca activates proteases and other enzymes
    4.Enzymatic degradation of Cell
24
Q

Describe a pathway to trigger Apoptosis?

A
  1. Damage to Mitochondria
  2. Cyt C leakage
  3. Activates Caspaces
    Triggers apoptosis
25
Characteristics of Apoptosis?
Programmed cell death Individual cell deletion in physiological growth control and in disease Activated or prevented by many stimuli Increased apoptosis results in excessive cell loss e.g, atrophy
26
Characteristics of Necrosis?
Death of tissue following bioenergy failure and loss of plasma membrane integrity Includes inflammation and repair
27
How does necrosis effect cell size?
- Cellular swelling - Many cells affected
28
How does apoptosis affect cell size?
Cellular shrinkage One cell affected
29
How does necrosis affect cell uptake?
Cells contents ingested by macrophages Significant inflammation
30
How does apoptosis affect cell uptake?
Cell contents ingested by neighbouring cells No inflammatory response
31
How does necrosis affect cell membrane?
Loss of membrane integrity Cell lysis occurs
32
How does apoptosis affect cell membrane?
Membrane blebbing, but integrity maintained Apoptotic bodies form
33
How does necrosis affect cell organelles?
Organelle swelling and lysosomal leakage Random degradation of DNA
34
How does apoptosis affect cell organelles?
- Mitochondria release pro-apoptotic proteins Chromatin condensation and non-random DNA degradation
35
What is the process of Autophagy?
- Increased quantity of autophagosomes formation Atg proteins participation No inflammatory response
36
Is necrosis 'programmed' or 'accidental'?
Accidental
37
Is apoptosis 'programmed' or 'accidental'?
Programmed
38
Name 6 different types of Necrosis?
1. Coagulative 2. Liquefactive 3. Gangrenous 4. Caseous 5. Fat necrosis 6. Fibrinoid necrosis
39
Describe coagulative necrosis?
Commonest form Occur in most organs Cells retain their outlines Protein coagulate and metabolic activity caeses .
40
Given an example of coagulative necrosis?
Myocardial infarction
41
Describe liquefactive necrosis?
Seen in brain Due to lack of substantial supporting stroma Neural tissue may totally liquify
42
Give an example of liquefactive necrosis?
Bacterial or fungal infection, CNS hypoxia
43
Describe gangrenous necrosis?
Putrefaction of the tissue Cause is mostly infectious/ bacteria. Appear black
44
What are the different types of gangrenous necrosis?
Wet gangrene Dry gangrene Gas gangrene
45
Give an example of gangrenous necrosis?
limb ischaemia
46
Describe caseous necrosis?
Tuberculosis is main cause Structureless dead tissue Amorphous pink material in centre with necrotic debri
47
Give an example of caseous necrosis?
Tuberculosis
48
Describe fat necrosis?
Causes Enzymes Trauma
49
Describe fibrinoid necrosis?
Seen in Two conditions Malignant hypertension Autoimmune diseases

EMS (54 decks)

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