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EMS > Lecture 17: Cell Injury and Cell Death > Flashcards

Lecture 17: Cell Injury and Cell Death Flashcards

1
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Severe cell swelling and rupture

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2
Q

What is Apoptosis?

A

Internally controlled cell death

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3
Q

What is oncosis?

A

Internally controlled cell death

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4
Q

What are two types of cellular adaptations?

A

Hypertrophy
Atrophy

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5
Q

What is Hypertrophy?

A

the enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of its cells.

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6
Q

What is atrophy?

A

A progressive and degeneration or shrikage of muscles or nerve tissues

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7
Q

What are some causes of cell Injury?

A

Hypoxia
Physical agents
Temperature, trauma, radiation
Chemical agents
Drugs etc
Immunologic reactions
Infectious agents
Genetic derangements
Nutritional imbalances

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8
Q

What mode if action does trauma take in cellular injury?

A

Mechanical disruption of tissue

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9
Q

What mode if action does Contact with strong acid
take in cellular injury?

A

Coagulates tissue protein

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10
Q

What mode if action does Carbon Monoxide inhalation take in cellular injury?

A

Prevents oxygen transport

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11
Q

What mode if action does Paracetamol Overdose
take in cellular injury?

A

Metabolites bind to liver cell protein and lipoproteins

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12
Q

What mode if action does Bacterial Infections
take in cellular injury?

A

Toxins and enzymes

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13
Q

What mode if action does Ionising radiations
take in cellular injury?

A

Damage to DNA

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14
Q

5 general biochemical mechanisms?

A

ATP depletions
Oxygen and oxygen derived free radicals
Loss of intercellular calcium hemostasis
Defects in membrane permeability
Irreversible mitochondrial damage

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15
Q

What are three different types of Cell injury?

A

Reversible cell injury
Irreversible cell injury
Ischaemic/Reperfusion injury

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16
Q

What is reversible cell injury?

A

Cell swelling, pallor, hydropic change, vacuolar degeneration

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17
Q

What is irreversible cell injury?

A

Mitochondrial swelling, lysosomes swells, damage to membrane, leakages of enzymes

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18
Q

What is Ischaemic/ Reperfusion injury?

A

New damage on reperfusion mediated by free oxygen radicals

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19
Q

What are some examples of reversible Cell injury?

A

Decrease generation of ATP
Loss of cell membrane integrity
Defects in protein synthesis and DNA damage

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20
Q

What are some examples of irreversible cell injury?

A

Sever mitochondrial changes
Extensive damage to plasma membranes
Swelling of lysosomes

21
Q

How does cellular swelling occur?

A
  1. Decrease in ATP
  2. Decrease in activity of Na/K Pump
  3. Increase in Na in the cell
  4. Increase in water in cell (Osmosis)
  5. Cellular swelling
22
Q

Describe one pathway of Enzymatic Degradation Cell?

A
  1. Membrane damage to Lysosomes
  2. Leakage of Lysosomal Enzymes into Cytosol
    3.Enzymatic Degradation of the cell
23
Q

Describe the pathway of Enzymatic degradation of cell starting with damage to cell membrane?

A
  1. Damage to cell membrane
  2. Increase in Ca in cell
  3. Ca activates proteases and other enzymes
    4.Enzymatic degradation of Cell
24
Q

Describe a pathway to trigger Apoptosis?

A
  1. Damage to Mitochondria
  2. Cyt C leakage
  3. Activates Caspaces
    Triggers apoptosis
25
Q

Characteristics of Apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death
Individual cell deletion in physiological growth control and in disease
Activated or prevented by many stimuli
Increased apoptosis results in excessive cell loss e.g, atrophy

26
Q

Characteristics of Necrosis?

A

Death of tissue following bioenergy failure and loss of plasma membrane integrity

Includes inflammation and repair

27
Q

How does necrosis effect cell size?

A
  • Cellular swelling
  • Many cells affected
28
Q

How does apoptosis affect cell size?

A

Cellular shrinkage
One cell affected

29
Q

How does necrosis affect cell uptake?

A

Cells contents ingested by macrophages
Significant inflammation

30
Q

How does apoptosis affect cell uptake?

A

Cell contents ingested by neighbouring cells
No inflammatory response

31
Q

How does necrosis affect cell membrane?

A

Loss of membrane integrity
Cell lysis occurs

32
Q

How does apoptosis affect cell membrane?

A

Membrane blebbing, but integrity maintained
Apoptotic bodies form

33
Q

How does necrosis affect cell organelles?

A

Organelle swelling and lysosomal leakage
Random degradation of DNA

34
Q

How does apoptosis affect cell organelles?

A
  • Mitochondria release pro-apoptotic proteins
    Chromatin condensation and non-random DNA degradation
35
Q

What is the process of Autophagy?

A
  • Increased quantity of autophagosomes formation Atg proteins participation
    No inflammatory response
36
Q

Is necrosis ‘programmed’ or ‘accidental’?

A

Accidental

37
Q

Is apoptosis ‘programmed’ or ‘accidental’?

A

Programmed

38
Q

Name 6 different types of Necrosis?

A
  1. Coagulative
  2. Liquefactive
  3. Gangrenous
  4. Caseous
  5. Fat necrosis
  6. Fibrinoid necrosis
39
Q

Describe coagulative necrosis?

A

Commonest form
Occur in most organs
Cells retain their outlines
Protein coagulate and metabolic activity caeses .

40
Q

Given an example of coagulative necrosis?

A

Myocardial infarction

41
Q

Describe liquefactive necrosis?

A

Seen in brain
Due to lack of substantial supporting stroma
Neural tissue may totally liquify

42
Q

Give an example of liquefactive necrosis?

A

Bacterial or fungal infection, CNS hypoxia

43
Q

Describe gangrenous necrosis?

A

Putrefaction of the tissue
Cause is mostly infectious/ bacteria.
Appear black

44
Q

What are the different types of gangrenous necrosis?

A

Wet gangrene
Dry gangrene
Gas gangrene

45
Q

Give an example of gangrenous necrosis?

A

limb ischaemia

46
Q

Describe caseous necrosis?

A

Tuberculosis is main cause
Structureless dead tissue
Amorphous pink material in centre with necrotic debri

47
Q

Give an example of caseous necrosis?

A

Tuberculosis

48
Q

Describe fat necrosis?

A

Causes
Enzymes
Trauma

49
Q

Describe fibrinoid necrosis?

A

Seen in Two conditions
Malignant hypertension
Autoimmune diseases

EMS (54 decks)

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