Lecture 22 - Prokaryotes 2 (SI) Flashcards
What are the 4 proteobacteria subgroups of gram-negative bacteria?
- alpha
- beta
- gamma
- delta
- epsilon
What is a result of horizontal gene transfer between prokaryotes?
-obscures the root of the tree of life
What are the 3 domains of life?
- bacteria
- archaea
- eukarya
Which domains have a nuclear envelop?
-eukarya
Which domains have membrane organelles
-eukarya
Which domains have peptidoglycan in cell wall
-bacteria
Which domains have unbranched hydrocarbons?
- bacteria
- eukarya
Which domains have some branched hydrocarbons?
archaea
Which domains have one kind of RNA polymerase?
-bacteria
Which domains have several kinds of RNA polymerase?
- archaea
- eukarya
What kind of initiator for amino acid for protein synthesis do each have?
bacteria: formylmethionine
archaea: methionine
eukarya: methionine
What are 2 qualities of alpha?
- many associate with eukaryotic hosts
- mitochondria evolved from aerobic alphaproteobacteria
What are 2 examples of alpha?
- Rhizobium (forms root nodules in legumes, fixes N2)
2. Agrobacterium (produce tumors, used in genetic engineering
What is a quality of beta?
holds important role in nitrogen cycle
What is an example of beta?
nitrosomonas (converts ammonium to nitrite)
What are 5 examples of gamma?
- T. namibiensis (giant sulfur bacterium)
- Legionella
- Salmonella
- V cholerate
- E. coli
What are 2 examples of delta?
- myxobacteria (create drought-resistant myxospores)
2. bdellovibrios (attack bacteria)
What is a quality of epsilon?
contains a lot of pathogens
What are 2 examples of epsilon?
- Campylobacter (causes blood poisoning)
2. H. pylori (causes stomach ulcers)
chlamydias
can survive only within animal cells
What is an example of chlamydia?
chlamydia trachomatis (most common cause of blindness in world, most common STD)
Spirochetes
- free-living/pathgenic heterotrophs sprial
- spiral through their environment by rotating, flagellum-like filaments
What are 2 examples of spirochetes
- syphilis
2. lyme disease
Cyanobacteria
- photoautrophs are the only prokaryotes with plant-like O2 genertaing photosynthesis
- abundant in atmosphere through photosynthesis
example of cyanobacteria
Oscillatoria (filamentous cyanobacterium)
What are stromatolites
reef-forming cyanobacteria
Actinomycetes
decompose soil (2 species cause tuberculosis + leprosy)
Bacillus anthracis
cause of anthrax
Clostridium botulinum
cause of botulism toxin
Mycoplasms
smallest known cells
Streptomyces
- cultured by pharmaceutical companies as source of antibiotics
- streptomycin
What are 2 types of extremophiles? (archaea)
- halophiles
2. thermophiles
What are halophiles?
live in highly saline environment
What are thermophiles?
live in very hot environment
What do gram positive bacteria include?
- actimonycetes
- bacillus anthracis
- clostridium botulinum
- Staphylococcus/streptococcus
- mycoplasms
What are methanogens
- strict anaerobes poisoned by O2
- live in swamps/marshes
- release methane as by product of their unique ways of obtaining energy
What are chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes?
- function as decomposers
- break down dead organisms and waste products
Commensalism
one organism benefits while neither harming nor helping the other in any significant way
Parasitism
organism harms but does not kill host
Mutualistic
symbiotic organisms benefit
Pathogenic
parasites that cause disease
Exotoxins
secreted + cause disease even if prokaryotes that produce them aren’t present
Endotoxins
released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down
What are 4 uses of prokaryotes in research + technology
- gene cloning using E. coli
- transgenic plants
- natural plastics, vitamins, antibiotics, hormones, ethanol, bioremediation
What is bioremediation?
use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment
