Lecture 20 - Viruses pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 Prokaryotic defenses?

A
  1. evolution of host cell surface receptors
  2. restriction enzymes
  3. CRISPR-Cas9 immune system
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2
Q

What is the cycle of evolution between prokaryotes and viruses?

A
  • host evolves to prevent attaching

- viruses evolve to attach anyway

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3
Q

What are restriction enzymes?

A

enzymes that cut the genome at a particular spot in the sequence

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4
Q

Why are restriction enzymes used against viruses?

A

cuts the viral sequence into 2

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5
Q

How do restriction enzymes not eat its own genome?

A

-methylates its own DNA

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6
Q

What does a phage do in response to the host methylating?

A

phage methylates its own restriction sites

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7
Q

What does the host do in response to the virus methylating?

A

host detects and cuts methylated sites into phage via MDS

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8
Q

How does the phage protect its methylated sites?

A

glusoclation

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9
Q

What is CRISPR-Cas9?

A

specific gene editing system

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10
Q

What are the 4 steps to CRISPR?

A
  1. virus invades bacterial cell
  2. new spacer derived from virus, integrated into CRISPR
  3. CRISPR RNA formed
  4. CRISPR RNA guides molecular machinery to target + destroy viral genome
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11
Q

What are 4 defenses Humans have against viruses?

A
  1. evolution
  2. immune system
  3. vaccines
  4. antiviral drugs
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12
Q

viruses are a dominant driver of _____ ______ in mammals

A

protein adaption

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13
Q

What is a vaccine?

A
  • harmless variant/derivative of a pathogen

- stimulates the immune system to mount defenses

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14
Q

What is herd immunity?

A
  • if most individuals in herd are vaccinated
  • can prevent spread of virus
  • chance lowered
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15
Q

How does the immune system work?

A
  • WBC
  • macrophages swallow up germ (leave antigen)
  • evoke antibody response
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16
Q

Is there a link between vaccines and autism?

A

no

17
Q

Why do vaccines need to be continually updated?

A

-pathogens change (molecules on surface change)

18
Q

What are 2 reasons that pathogens change?

A
  1. antigenic drift

2. antigenic shift

19
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A

due to mutations in genes encoding them

20
Q

What is antigenic shift?

A

due to recombination of genes of existing pathogens

21
Q

What are emerging viruses?

A

viruses that suddenly become apparent

22
Q

What are 3 causes of emerging viruses?

A
  1. mutation of existing viruses (seasonal flu)
  2. spread from isolated human populations (AIDS)
  3. spread from other animals (HINI)
23
Q

What is an antiviral?

A

something you take after you are infected

24
Q

What do antibiotics target?

A
  • bacterial cell walls
  • protein synthesis
  • DNA synthesis
  • RNA polymerase
  • phospholipid membrane
25
Q

What do antivirals target?

A

-entry, uncoating, nucleic acid synthesis, assembly/release of viral particles