Lecture 20 - Oral Exam & Dental Basics

Question 1

What general things should be evaluated in an oral PE?

Answer 1

External facial structures, occlusion, dentition, internal oral structures

Question 2

What external facial features should be evaluated?

Answer 2

Drooping, facial asymmetry

Question 3

What should be evaluated when looking at occlusion?

Answer 3

TMJ, gingiva

Question 4

What should be evaluated when looking at dentition?

Answer 4

Discolored, fractured, mobile teeth

Question 5

What internal structures should be evaluated?

Answer 5

Tongue, tonsils, salivary glands, gag

Question 6

What does a normal occlusion look like?

Answer 6

1. Midline match
2. Incisors overlap
3. Canines interlock
4. Premolar interdigitation
5. Carnassial overlap

Question 7

What dental structures are above the gumline?

Answer 7

Crown (enamel, dentin, pulp)

Question 8

What is the sulcus?

Answer 8

Space between the gingiva and the enamel of the tooth

Question 9

What structures are below the gumline?

Answer 9

Root (periodontal ligament, cementum, pulp), alveolar bone

Question 10

What is the adult canine dental formula?

Answer 10

3-1-4-2/3-1-4-3

Question 11

What is the adult feline dental formula?

Answer 11

3-1-3-1/3-1-2-1

Question 12

What teeth type have continuous eruption for life and how long does this last?

Answer 12

Hypsodont; 25-30 years

Question 13

How fast do hyspdont teeth erupt?

Answer 13

3-4 mm per year

Question 14

How does the hysodont reserve crown compare to the visible crown?

Answer 14

reserve > visible

Question 15

What type of jaw conformation do horses have and what does this mean?

Answer 15

Anisognathic = maxilla wider than mandible

Question 16

Sideways chewing fashion of horses allows for _____ and results in tooth wear that is _____.

Answer 16

grinding, not even

Question 17

What is the system we use to name teeth and how does it work?

Answer 17

Modified triadan system - 3 number system

upper right = 100

upper left = 200

lower left = 300

lower right = 400

Question 18

T/F: Absent teeth retain their number in the mouth

Answer 18

True

Question 19

What numbers are assigned to deciduous teeth?

Answer 19

Upper right = 500

Upper left = 600

Lower left = 700

Lower right = 800

Question 20

How many deciduous teeth do equines have?

Answer 20

24

Question 21

How many deciduous incisors and molars per arcade do horses have?

Answer 21

3 each

Question 22

How many permanent teeth do male horses have? Females?

Answer 22

Males = 40-44

Females = 36-44

Question 23

What permanent teeth do male horses have per arcade?

Answer 23

3 incisors

1 canine

+/- wolf teeth

3 premolars

3 molars

Question 24

How many permanent teeth do female horses have per arcade?

Answer 24

3 incisors

+/- canines

+/- wolf teeth

3 premolars

3 molars

Question 25

What is a routine dental procedure done in horses?

Answer 25

Floating (can be done by hand or with power tools)

Question 26

What is a 0 on the gingival index?

Answer 26

Normal gingiva

Question 27

What is a 1 on the gingival index?

Answer 27

Mild swelling, some color change

Question 28

What is a 2 on the gingival index?

Answer 28

Moderate swelling, inflammation on gingiva

Question 29

What is a 3 on the gingival index?

Answer 29

Marked swelling and inflammation, spontaneous bleeding

Question 30

What is a 0 on the calculus index?

Answer 30

No calculus

Question 31

What is a 1 on the calculus index?

Answer 31

Some calculus covering \<1/3 of buccal tooth surface

Question 32

What is a 2 on the calculus index?

Answer 32

Moderate calculus with minimal subgingival deposit

Question 33

What is a 3 on the calculus index?

Answer 33

Heavy calculus and extending subgingivally

Question 34

What are the hallmarks of periodontal disease?

Answer 34

1. Increased periodontal probing depth 2. Gingivitis 3. Gingival recession 4. Furcation involvement 5. periodontal attachment loss

Question 35

What are the general 2019 AAHA guidelines for dental prophylaxis?

Answer 35

Complete cleaning/polishing, dental radiographs, documented, continued therapy at intervals to keep disease in the preventable stage

Question 36

How often are dental rediographs recommended for cats and small-medium dogs?

Answer 36

at 1 year

Question 37

How often are dental radiographs recommended for large dogs?

Answer 37

at 2 years

Question 38

What are the principles of dental radiography?

Answer 38

1. Assess and evaluate dentition above and below gum line 2. Assist practitioner in treatment and extraction planning 3. Aid in scheduling or planning for procedure timing 4. Monitor disease progression

Question 39

In dental xray, the ____ to the tooth, the more _____ the angle.

Answer 39

closer, accurate

Question 40

What two positions should dental xrays be taken at?

Answer 40

parallel, bisecting angle

Question 41

What is parallel positioning for dental xrays? What teeth is this used for?

Answer 41

Position film parallel to the long axis of the tooth, beam perpendicular to film; Mandibular molars and caudal mandibular premolars

Question 42

What is a bisecting angle for dental xrays?

Answer 42

Angle dissecting the plane of the tooth and the plane of the film

Question 43

What are benefits to using local anesthetics in the oral cavity?

Answer 43

1. Decreases pain sensation and dependence on gas anesthesia 2. Cost effective 3. Faster post operative recovery

Question 44

What are common local anesthetics used for dentals?

Answer 44

Lidocaine, bupivicaine

Question 45

What does the rostral infraorbital nerve block (caudal maxillary) supply?

Answer 45

Ipsilateral 1st-3rd premolars, canine, incisors, muzzle, upper lip

Question 46

What does the caudal infraorbital nerve block (caudal maxillary) supply?

Answer 46

All ipsilateral teeth, muzzle, upper lip

Question 47

What are complications of using the caudal infraorbital nerve block?

Answer 47

Trauma to the globe (**most common**) Hematoma, accidental arterial administration

Question 48

What does the caudal inferior alveolar/mandibular nerve block supply?

Answer 48

Ipsilateral mandibular molars, premolars, canine, incisors, labial tissues, rostral lower lip

Question 49

What are the 2 approaches to the caudal inferior alveolar nerve block?

Answer 49

Intraoral, extraoral

Question 50

What are the 2 common local nerve blocks for equine dentistry?

Answer 50

Maxillary and mental

Question 51

How is the maxillary nerve block performed in horses? What does it supply?

Answer 51

22 ga spinal needle --\> maxillary foramen at 90 deg angle (15 ml local anesthetic) Supplies ipsilateral maxillary teeth

Question 52

How is the mental nerve block performed in horses? What does it supply?

Answer 52

22 ga needle --\> mental foramen parallel to mandible (5-10 mls local anesthetic) Blocks ipsilateral mandibular canine, incisors