Lecture 20 - Oral Exam & Dental Basics Flashcards
What general things should be evaluated in an oral PE?
External facial structures, occlusion, dentition, internal oral structures
What external facial features should be evaluated?
Drooping, facial asymmetry
What should be evaluated when looking at occlusion?
TMJ, gingiva
What should be evaluated when looking at dentition?
Discolored, fractured, mobile teeth
What internal structures should be evaluated?
Tongue, tonsils, salivary glands, gag
What does a normal occlusion look like?
- Midline match
- Incisors overlap
- Canines interlock
- Premolar interdigitation
- Carnassial overlap
What dental structures are above the gumline?
Crown (enamel, dentin, pulp)
What is the sulcus?
Space between the gingiva and the enamel of the tooth
What structures are below the gumline?
Root (periodontal ligament, cementum, pulp), alveolar bone
What is the adult canine dental formula?
3-1-4-2/3-1-4-3
What is the adult feline dental formula?
3-1-3-1/3-1-2-1
What teeth type have continuous eruption for life and how long does this last?
Hypsodont; 25-30 years
How fast do hyspdont teeth erupt?
3-4 mm per year
How does the hysodont reserve crown compare to the visible crown?
reserve > visible
What type of jaw conformation do horses have and what does this mean?
Anisognathic = maxilla wider than mandible
Sideways chewing fashion of horses allows for _____ and results in tooth wear that is _____.
grinding, not even
What is the system we use to name teeth and how does it work?
Modified triadan system - 3 number system
upper right = 100
upper left = 200
lower left = 300
lower right = 400
T/F: Absent teeth retain their number in the mouth
True
What numbers are assigned to deciduous teeth?
Upper right = 500
Upper left = 600
Lower left = 700
Lower right = 800
How many deciduous teeth do equines have?
24
How many deciduous incisors and molars per arcade do horses have?
3 each
How many permanent teeth do male horses have? Females?
Males = 40-44
Females = 36-44
What permanent teeth do male horses have per arcade?
3 incisors
1 canine
+/- wolf teeth
3 premolars
3 molars
How many permanent teeth do female horses have per arcade?
3 incisors
+/- canines
+/- wolf teeth
3 premolars
3 molars
What is a routine dental procedure done in horses?
Floating (can be done by hand or with power tools)
What is a 0 on the gingival index?
Normal gingiva
What is a 1 on the gingival index?
Mild swelling, some color change
What is a 2 on the gingival index?
Moderate swelling, inflammation on gingiva
What is a 3 on the gingival index?
Marked swelling and inflammation, spontaneous bleeding
What is a 0 on the calculus index?
No calculus
What is a 1 on the calculus index?
Some calculus covering <1/3 of buccal tooth surface
What is a 2 on the calculus index?
Moderate calculus with minimal subgingival deposit
What is a 3 on the calculus index?
Heavy calculus and extending subgingivally
What are the hallmarks of periodontal disease?
- Increased periodontal probing depth
- Gingivitis
- Gingival recession
- Furcation involvement
- periodontal attachment loss
What are the general 2019 AAHA guidelines for dental prophylaxis?
Complete cleaning/polishing, dental radiographs, documented, continued therapy at intervals to keep disease in the preventable stage
How often are dental rediographs recommended for cats and small-medium dogs?
at 1 year
How often are dental radiographs recommended for large dogs?
at 2 years
What are the principles of dental radiography?
- Assess and evaluate dentition above and below gum line
- Assist practitioner in treatment and extraction planning
- Aid in scheduling or planning for procedure timing
- Monitor disease progression
In dental xray, the ____ to the tooth, the more _____ the angle.
closer, accurate
What two positions should dental xrays be taken at?
parallel, bisecting angle
What is parallel positioning for dental xrays? What teeth is this used for?
Position film parallel to the long axis of the tooth, beam perpendicular to film;
Mandibular molars and caudal mandibular premolars
What is a bisecting angle for dental xrays?
Angle dissecting the plane of the tooth and the plane of the film
What are benefits to using local anesthetics in the oral cavity?
- Decreases pain sensation and dependence on gas anesthesia
- Cost effective
- Faster post operative recovery
What are common local anesthetics used for dentals?
Lidocaine, bupivicaine
What does the rostral infraorbital nerve block (caudal maxillary) supply?
Ipsilateral 1st-3rd premolars, canine, incisors, muzzle, upper lip
What does the caudal infraorbital nerve block (caudal maxillary) supply?
All ipsilateral teeth, muzzle, upper lip
What are complications of using the caudal infraorbital nerve block?
Trauma to the globe (most common)
Hematoma, accidental arterial administration
What does the caudal inferior alveolar/mandibular nerve block supply?
Ipsilateral mandibular molars, premolars, canine, incisors, labial tissues, rostral lower lip
What are the 2 approaches to the caudal inferior alveolar nerve block?
Intraoral, extraoral
What are the 2 common local nerve blocks for equine dentistry?
Maxillary and mental
How is the maxillary nerve block performed in horses? What does it supply?
22 ga spinal needle –> maxillary foramen at 90 deg angle (15 ml local anesthetic)
Supplies ipsilateral maxillary teeth
How is the mental nerve block performed in horses? What does it supply?
22 ga needle –> mental foramen parallel to mandible (5-10 mls local anesthetic)
Blocks ipsilateral mandibular canine, incisors
