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Intro to Surgery > Lecture 20 - Oral Exam & Dental Basics > Flashcards

Lecture 20 - Oral Exam & Dental Basics Flashcards

1
Q

What general things should be evaluated in an oral PE?

A

External facial structures, occlusion, dentition, internal oral structures

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2
Q

What external facial features should be evaluated?

A

Drooping, facial asymmetry

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3
Q

What should be evaluated when looking at occlusion?

A

TMJ, gingiva

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4
Q

What should be evaluated when looking at dentition?

A

Discolored, fractured, mobile teeth

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5
Q

What internal structures should be evaluated?

A

Tongue, tonsils, salivary glands, gag

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6
Q

What does a normal occlusion look like?

A
  1. Midline match
  2. Incisors overlap
  3. Canines interlock
  4. Premolar interdigitation
  5. Carnassial overlap
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7
Q

What dental structures are above the gumline?

A

Crown (enamel, dentin, pulp)

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8
Q

What is the sulcus?

A

Space between the gingiva and the enamel of the tooth

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9
Q

What structures are below the gumline?

A

Root (periodontal ligament, cementum, pulp), alveolar bone

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10
Q

What is the adult canine dental formula?

A

3-1-4-2/3-1-4-3

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11
Q

What is the adult feline dental formula?

A

3-1-3-1/3-1-2-1

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12
Q

What teeth type have continuous eruption for life and how long does this last?

A

Hypsodont; 25-30 years

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13
Q

How fast do hyspdont teeth erupt?

A

3-4 mm per year

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14
Q

How does the hysodont reserve crown compare to the visible crown?

A

reserve > visible

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15
Q

What type of jaw conformation do horses have and what does this mean?

A

Anisognathic = maxilla wider than mandible

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16
Q

Sideways chewing fashion of horses allows for _____ and results in tooth wear that is _____.

A

grinding, not even

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17
Q

What is the system we use to name teeth and how does it work?

A

Modified triadan system - 3 number system

upper right = 100

upper left = 200

lower left = 300

lower right = 400

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18
Q

T/F: Absent teeth retain their number in the mouth

A

True

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19
Q

What numbers are assigned to deciduous teeth?

A

Upper right = 500

Upper left = 600

Lower left = 700

Lower right = 800

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20
Q

How many deciduous teeth do equines have?

A

24

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21
Q

How many deciduous incisors and molars per arcade do horses have?

A

3 each

22
Q

How many permanent teeth do male horses have? Females?

A

Males = 40-44

Females = 36-44

23
Q

What permanent teeth do male horses have per arcade?

A

3 incisors

1 canine

+/- wolf teeth

3 premolars

3 molars

24
Q

How many permanent teeth do female horses have per arcade?

A

3 incisors

+/- canines

+/- wolf teeth

3 premolars

3 molars

25
Q

What is a routine dental procedure done in horses?

A

Floating (can be done by hand or with power tools)

26
Q

What is a 0 on the gingival index?

A

Normal gingiva

27
Q

What is a 1 on the gingival index?

A

Mild swelling, some color change

28
Q

What is a 2 on the gingival index?

A

Moderate swelling, inflammation on gingiva

29
Q

What is a 3 on the gingival index?

A

Marked swelling and inflammation, spontaneous bleeding

30
Q

What is a 0 on the calculus index?

A

No calculus

31
Q

What is a 1 on the calculus index?

A

Some calculus covering <1/3 of buccal tooth surface

32
Q

What is a 2 on the calculus index?

A

Moderate calculus with minimal subgingival deposit

33
Q

What is a 3 on the calculus index?

A

Heavy calculus and extending subgingivally

34
Q

What are the hallmarks of periodontal disease?

A
  1. Increased periodontal probing depth
  2. Gingivitis
  3. Gingival recession
  4. Furcation involvement
  5. periodontal attachment loss
35
Q

What are the general 2019 AAHA guidelines for dental prophylaxis?

A

Complete cleaning/polishing, dental radiographs, documented, continued therapy at intervals to keep disease in the preventable stage

36
Q

How often are dental rediographs recommended for cats and small-medium dogs?

A

at 1 year

37
Q

How often are dental radiographs recommended for large dogs?

A

at 2 years

38
Q

What are the principles of dental radiography?

A
  1. Assess and evaluate dentition above and below gum line
  2. Assist practitioner in treatment and extraction planning
  3. Aid in scheduling or planning for procedure timing
  4. Monitor disease progression
39
Q

In dental xray, the ____ to the tooth, the more _____ the angle.

A

closer, accurate

40
Q

What two positions should dental xrays be taken at?

A

parallel, bisecting angle

41
Q

What is parallel positioning for dental xrays? What teeth is this used for?

A

Position film parallel to the long axis of the tooth, beam perpendicular to film;

Mandibular molars and caudal mandibular premolars

42
Q

What is a bisecting angle for dental xrays?

A

Angle dissecting the plane of the tooth and the plane of the film

43
Q

What are benefits to using local anesthetics in the oral cavity?

A
  1. Decreases pain sensation and dependence on gas anesthesia
  2. Cost effective
  3. Faster post operative recovery
44
Q

What are common local anesthetics used for dentals?

A

Lidocaine, bupivicaine

45
Q

What does the rostral infraorbital nerve block (caudal maxillary) supply?

A

Ipsilateral 1st-3rd premolars, canine, incisors, muzzle, upper lip

46
Q

What does the caudal infraorbital nerve block (caudal maxillary) supply?

A

All ipsilateral teeth, muzzle, upper lip

47
Q

What are complications of using the caudal infraorbital nerve block?

A

Trauma to the globe (most common)

Hematoma, accidental arterial administration

48
Q

What does the caudal inferior alveolar/mandibular nerve block supply?

A

Ipsilateral mandibular molars, premolars, canine, incisors, labial tissues, rostral lower lip

49
Q

What are the 2 approaches to the caudal inferior alveolar nerve block?

A

Intraoral, extraoral

50
Q

What are the 2 common local nerve blocks for equine dentistry?

A

Maxillary and mental

51
Q

How is the maxillary nerve block performed in horses? What does it supply?

A

22 ga spinal needle –> maxillary foramen at 90 deg angle (15 ml local anesthetic)

Supplies ipsilateral maxillary teeth

52
Q

How is the mental nerve block performed in horses? What does it supply?

A

22 ga needle –> mental foramen parallel to mandible (5-10 mls local anesthetic)

Blocks ipsilateral mandibular canine, incisors

Intro to Surgery (36 decks)

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