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Microbio > Lecture 20 > Flashcards

Lecture 20 Flashcards

1
Q

genus bacillus

A

Gram +, endosperm forming, motile, rods, aerobic or facultative, catalase positive, soil and saprophytes

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2
Q

Bacillus anthracis 2 virulence

A

Block rods, central endospores, immunogenic and antiphagocytic polypepticle capsule
Makes anthrax exotoxin

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3
Q

Anthrax exotoxin

A

Bacillus anthracis
Edema, cell death, tissue destruction

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4
Q

Bacillus anthracis life cycle

A

Animals become infected via spores then spores germinate into vegetative cans inside the host

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5
Q

Bacillus anthracis made of infection

A

Animals and humans come into contact with shores and they germinate inside the host to form vegetative cells which release the anthrax exotoxin

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6
Q

3 types of anthrax

A

Cutaneous, gastrointestinal, inhalation anthrax

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7
Q

Cutaneous anthrax

A

Most common least dangerous, spores enter through cuts in the skin, inoculation site forms raised lesion called papule, papule erupts to form painless black lesion called eschar

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8
Q

Gastrointestinal anthrax

A

Rare but deadly, ingest spores via contaminated meat, causing acute inflammation of GI tract, nausea, fever, vomiting, blood, severe diarrhea

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9
Q

GI anthrax survival rate

A

50% if untreated, 60% if treated

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10
Q

Inhalation anthrax

A

Deadliest form, 99% mortality if untreated, spores inhaled into lungs, engulfed by macrophages and transported to lymph modes, causes pulmonary edema, internal hemorrhaging, shock, rapid death

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11
Q

Anthrax treatment

A

Antibiotics

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12
Q

Anthrax vaccine

A

Subunit vaccine for high risk groups

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13
Q

Bacillus cereus

A

Air and dust-borne, multiplies readily in cooked foods, can survive short heating, spores germinate and release enterotoxins at room temperature

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14
Q

Which cooked foods does bacillus cereus multiply on

A

Rice, potatoes, and meat dishes

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15
Q

Entorotoxins

A

Released by B. cereus cause food intoxication which leads to acute vomiting, nausea, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea
Symptoms disappear after 24 hours

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16
Q

Genus clostridium

A

Gram +, endospore forming rods, anaerobic, catalase negative

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17
Q

Genus clostridium found

A

As saprobes in the environment and some are commensals with humans and animals

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18
Q

Clostridium morphology

A

Terminal ovoid or round spores

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19
Q

Clostridium genus makes some of the

A

Most potent exotoxins that are some of the most poisonous substances on earth

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20
Q

Clostridium species cause

A

Wound and tissue infections, food intoxication

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21
Q

Clostridium perfringens

A

Large rectangular, spore forming, found in soil/dust/human animal feces

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22
Q

Clostridium perfringens endospores not

A

Usually seen in clinical specimens

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23
Q

Clostridium perfringens entrance and causes

A

Contaminated meat especially reheated stews and gravies
Causes food intoxication

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24
Q

Clostridium perfringens symptoms

A

Sub-acute watery diarrhea, severe abdominal cramping, no vomiting

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25
Q

Other form Clostridium perfringens

A

Spores introduced through anaerobic wounds germinate and release gas and alpha toxin

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26
Q

Alpha toxin

A

Released by clostridium perfringens, causes RBCs to rupture, edema, and tissue destruction

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27
Q

C. Perfringens and muscles

A

Does Myonecrosis (muscle death), during this process muscle carbohydrates are fermented and gas is released into the tissue causing gas gangrene

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28
Q

Gas gangrene symptoms

A

Edema, large bullae, crepitus (skin makes noises), tissue necrosis, fever, and shock
Rapidly fatal if untreated

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29
Q

Gas gangrene treatment

A

Debridement (surgical removal of tissue), amputation, large doses of antibiotics, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy

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30
Q

Clostridium difficile found

A

Normal resident of colon usually present in 4-15% of population

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31
Q

Clostridium difficile is a common

A

Nosocomial infection

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32
Q

C. Diff overgrowth associated with

A

Antibiotic use

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33
Q

C. Diff overgrowth causes

A

Antibiotic-associated/pseudomembrane colitis

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34
Q

First and second most common GI diseases in industrialized countries

A
  1. Salmonellosis
  2. Clostridium difficile
    Half a million infections in the US each year
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35
Q

C. diff superinfection releases and causes

A

Exotoxins released causing diarrhea, inflammation, and intestinal damage giving rise to pseudomembranous colitis

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36
Q

Severe cases C. Diff

A

Death from intestinal perforation

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37
Q

C. Diff highest risk group

A

Nursing homes

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38
Q

C. Diff treatment

A

Removal of antibiotics in uncomplicated cases, stranger antibiotics in severe cases, and fecal transplantation

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39
Q

Clostridium tetani found

A

Resident of soil and GI tract of some animals

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40
Q

C. tetani resembles

A

Tennis racket or drumstick, terminal endosperm

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41
Q

C. tetani enterance

A

Spores enter through wound, deep implantation to germinate in anaerobic tissue
Usually deep muscles

42
Q

C. tetani vegetative cells release

A

Teranospasmin the tetanus toxin which blocks muscle relaxation

43
Q

Spastic paralysis

A

Tetanospasmin is released into tissue and absorbed by peripheral nerves and carried to target neurons in spinal column, inhibits muscle relaxation causing muscles to contract uncontrollably

44
Q

Trismus

A

Spastic paralysis begins in jaw, trismus is jaw muscle spasms causing lock jaw

45
Q

Risus sardonicus

A

Facial muscle spasms producing wry, mask-like grin

46
Q

If spastic paralysis untreated

A

Paralysis descends, rigid back, death from paralysis of respiratory muscles

47
Q

Clostridium tetani treatment

A

TIG tetanus immune globulin the antitoxin immunotherapy
Respirator and tracheostomy may be needed

48
Q

Tetanus vaccine

A

DTap vaccine containing teanus toxoid
Booster recommended every 10 years

49
Q

Clostridium botulinum found

A

Soil, water, intestinal tract of animals

50
Q

Clostridium botulinum under anaerobic conditions

A

Vegetative cell releases the most potent microbial toxin, botulinum toxin

51
Q

Botulism

A

Intoxication associated with eating canned or preserved foods

52
Q

3 types of botulism

A

Botulinum food poisoning, infant botulism, wound botulism

53
Q

Botulism infection process

A

Ingested or secreted botulism toxin travels to the neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscles, blocks release of acetylcholine and keeps the muscle from contracting leading to flaccid paralysis

54
Q

Botulinum food poisoning results from

A

The improper canning of food especially homemade canned vegetables, smoked meats, cheese spreads
Spores germinate in can producing botulinum toxin

55
Q

Botulinum food poisoning incubation

A

1-2 days

56
Q

Botulinum food poisoning affects

A

Muscles supplied by the cranial nerves first causing eyelid drooping, double vision, loss of facial expression, dry mouth, difficulty chewing and swallowing, followed by flaccid paralysis

57
Q

Flaccid paralysis

A

Floppy, relaxed

58
Q

Infant botulism occurs in

A

Infants less than one year old, most common form in US

59
Q

Infant botulism entrance

A

Infant ingested spores in dust or honey

60
Q

Infant botulism infection process

A

Immature GI tract allows spore germination and growth of vegetative cells

61
Q

Infant botulism symptoms

A

Constipation, generalized weakness, weak crying, poor feeding, lethargy, loss of head control (floppy baby syndrome) and possible respiratory arrest

62
Q

Wound botulism

A

Spores enter a wound or puncture

63
Q

Wound botulism symptoms

A

Similar to food botulinum muscles of face supplied by cranial nerves

64
Q

Botox

A

Injects super-diluted botulinum toxin into wrinkled areas to create controlled muscle weakening
Wears Off, repeat every 4-6 months

65
Q

Clostridium botulinum treatment

A

Antitoxin must be administered early for greatest effectiveness, patients managed with respiratory and cardiac support systems

66
Q

Botulism prevention

A

Proper canning techniques, adequate pressure cooking achieves sterilization, throw away bulging cans, botulinum toxin inactivated at 100°C

67
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A

Gram +, rod, facultative anaerobe

68
Q

Listeria monocytogenes can grow in

A

Acidic conditions, high salt, wide temp range including cold growth

69
Q

Listeria monocytogenes found

A

Soil and water mainly
Animals, plants, and food are secondary sources of infection

70
Q

Listeriosis

A

Infection from listeria causing gastroenteritis leading to food poisoning from refrigerated foods usually unpasteurized milk or cheeses, deli meats, or unwashed produce

71
Q

Listeria can

A

Cross the placenta or infect babies during delivery causing neonatal septicemia and meningitis

72
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

A

Gram positive bacilli, irregular shaped and pleimorophic
Club-shaped
Non-motile, grows best with oxygen

73
Q

Corynebacterium found

A

Plants and animals and colonize the skin and mucous membranes of humans

74
Q

C. Diphtheriae reservoir

A

Humans only through respiratory spread

75
Q

C. Diphtheriae etiologic agent

A

Diphtheria

76
Q

Diphtheria most common

A

Children from 1-10 yrs old non-immunized

77
Q

1st stage corynebacterium dip

A

Local, primary infection in the upper respiratory tract

78
Q

2nd stage corynebacterium dip

A

Toxin production and toxemia

79
Q

Virulence of corynebacterium dip due to

A

Diphtheria exotoxin only produced by lysogenic strains

80
Q

Diphtheria exotoxin causes

A

Exudative pharyngitis which evolves into a thick pseudomembrahl

81
Q

Pseudomembrane components

A

Dead cells, fibrin, bacteria, lymphocytes, gray pigment

82
Q

Pseudomembrane can cause

A

Suffocation by obstructing the air way

83
Q

Diphtheria toxin can diffuse

A

Into neck tissue causing edema so the patient appears bull-necked

84
Q

Diphtheria spread

A

Toxin doesn’t invade deeper than epithelial but disseminated
Then damages heart causing myocarditis

85
Q

Diphtheria treatment

A

Antibiotics and diphtheria antitoxin

86
Q

Mycobacteria genus

A

Gram +, irregular shaped bacilli, long filamenteus
Acid-fast bacilli (afb)
Strict aerobe

87
Q

Mycobacteria grow

A

Well on simple nutrients/media but slower compared to other bacteria

88
Q

2 mycobacteria species of medical importance

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium leprae

89
Q

Mycobacterium TB virulence

A

No exctoxins/enzymes, cord factor (waxes) prevent destruction by phagocyte lysosomes

90
Q

Cord factor contributes

A

To serpentine cord formation

91
Q

Mycobacterium TB transmission

A

Fine respiratory droplets

92
Q

TB stats

A

1/4 world population infected, 1-2 million deaths a year, leading killer of HIV infected worldwide

93
Q

Primary tubereulosis

A

10 cells, bacilli phagocytized by alveolar macrophages multiply intracellularly
Weeks later cell-mediated immune response form tubercles

94
Q

Secondary tuberculosis

A

Tubercles with masses of bacilli expand and drain into the bronchial tubes and upper respiratory tract
Symptoms worsen violent cough, green or bloody sputum, low fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, chest pain

95
Q

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis

A

Deactivation of bacilli allows them to disseminate rapidly to extrapulmonary sites like kidneys, bones, brain genital tract
High mortality

96
Q

Treatment for all TB stages

A

Multidrug therapy lasting from 6-24 months

97
Q

TB vaccine

A

Only outside the US, live attenuated BCG vaccine

98
Q

Mycobacterium leprae

A

Causes leprosy, HanSen’s bacillus, strict parasite, can’t culture
Slowest growing of all species

99
Q

Mycobacterium leprae infection

A

Direct contact transmission, not very contagious, multiplies in macrophages of skin and spreads to nerves

100
Q

2 forms of leprosy

A

Tuberculoid leprosy
Lepromatous leprosy

101
Q

Tuberculoid leprosy

A

Superficial infection with shallow skin lesions containing few bacilli
Damage to nerves causes loss of pain perception
Easily treated

102
Q

Lepromatous leprosy

A

Deeply modular infection causing severe disfigurement to face and extremities

Microbio (14 decks)

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