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Microbio > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Immunity

A

Acquired resistance to an infectious agent due to prior contact with that agent

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2
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Also known as antibody-mediated immunity, antibodies in all fluids, involves B lymphocytes both plasma and memory cells, effective against extracellular pathogens

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3
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

Involves T lymphocytes both T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells as well as memory cells, uses contact-dependent signaling, defends against intracellular pathogens

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4
Q

Allergens

A

Antigen typically not harmful to the body but can produce an inappropriate immune response to sensitive people

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5
Q

Antibody (Ab)

A

Protein molecules produced by B cells that recognize specific antigens and help destroy them
Also called immunoglobulins

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6
Q

Antigenic determinant or epitope

A

Precise portion of an antigen that is recognized and bound by an antibody

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7
Q

Opsonins

A

Proteins that coat pathogens so that phagocytes recognize and ingest them

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8
Q

Phagocytes WBCs

A

Macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils

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9
Q

Antigen

A

Any molecule that can trigger an immune response

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10
Q

Antigens

A

Stimulate a response to B and T cells, larger more complex structures make better antigens and are easier for antibodies to recognize and bond, smaller repetitive structures are poor antigens may not stimulate an immune response

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11
Q

Antibody structure

A

Made by plasma B cells in response to an antigen, made of 4 polypeptide chains 2 light chains and 2 heavy chains, chains bound together by disulfide bonds, constant regions on both chains determine the specific class of antibody

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12
Q

Antibodies of the same class

A

Have identical constant regions

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13
Q

Variable regions

A

Antibody tips are composed of highly variable amino acid sequences, provides specificity to bind to antigen

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14
Q

Antibody tips

A

Create 2 antigen binding sites

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15
Q

Antigen arms

A

Antigen binding fragments (Fabs)

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16
Q

Rest of antibody

A

Crystallizable fragment (Fc)

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17
Q

Complement binding site

A

On antibodies that do classical pathway of activating complement proteins

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18
Q

IgG

A

Crosses placenta and fixes complement, most abundant antibody 80% , if high in these but low in IgM towards end of infection, long term memory immunity

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19
Q

IgA

A

Found in body fluid secretions near portals of entry with mucus, secretory antibody

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20
Q

IgM

A

First antibody ever made when you first come into contact with antigen, don’t last long, high IgM newly infected, can serve as B cell receptor, fixes complement

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21
Q

IgD

A

Known as B cell receptor on B en surface

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22
Q

IgE

A

Antibody of allergy and worm infections

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23
Q

Antibody functions

A

Neutralization- by surrounding and blocking receptors from binding cells on pathogens and toxins
Complement fixation
Agglutination- cross link bacteria making it difficult for them to move and infect so macrophage can bind Fc and eat
Opsonizes bacteria to surrounds to make more enticing for macrophages

24
Q

B cell receptor

A

IgD antibody attached to the B cell surface, the receptor on each cell is specific to a particular antigen

25
Q

Colonal selection

A

Lymph fluid passes over B cells in lymph nodes and lymph tissues as they look for antigens, when an antigen is found the B cell with the matching B cell receptor binds the antigen and becomes activated

26
Q

B cell differentiation

A

Once activated the B cell differentiates into memory and plasma cells

27
Q

Colonal expansion

A

After differentiating the been undergoes many divisions giving rise to plasma and memory cells

28
Q

Plasma cells

A

Secrete lots of antibodies IgM with the same specificity as the original B cell receptor
IgD becomes IgM

29
Q

Memory cells

A

Produce IgG, these cells remain for long periods in lymph nodes to react with the same antigen at a later time

30
Q

Order of antibody response

A

Colonel selection and differentiation, IgM first, IgG to create memory
Second exposure: quickly makes lots of IgG and some IgM

31
Q

Making the B cell receptor

A

Exons from immunoglobulin genes are randomly selected during the development of each B cell, each one is unique in its antigen specificity

32
Q

Colonal deletion

A

Eliminate clones with receptor that have a specificity for self molecules

33
Q

MHC also called

A

HLA human leukocyte antigen

34
Q

Class I MHC

A

Cytotoxic T cells bind to MHC I via their T cell receptor and CD8 molecules, present intracellular antigens and cellular molecules, all cells except RBCs

35
Q

Class II MHC

A

Made and presented by professional antigen presenting cells, presents bits of digested foreign antigens, T helper cells bind MHC II via their T cell receptor and CD4 molecule

36
Q

T helper I cells

A

Stimulate macrophages, activate nearby cytotoxic T cells and other T helper cells

37
Q

T helper II cell

A

Stimulate B cells and suppress T helper I cells

38
Q

CD4+ T memory cells

A

Helper cells create memory

39
Q

T cell receptor components

A

Bind specifically to both a particular antigen and the self-MHC presenting antigen

40
Q

Clusters of differentiation CD

A

Additional receptors on T lymphocytes use to identify cytotoxic T cells and T helper cells

41
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

CD8+ cans that interact with MHC I receptors they destroy foreign or abnormal cells and give rise to CD8+ T memory cells

42
Q

Negative selection

A

T cells with useless or dangerous TCRs are destroyed

43
Q

Positive selection

A

T cells with good TCRs are propagated and sent on to the lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue all over the body

44
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A

Dendritic, macrophages and B cells
Present foreign antigens on MHC II to the correct T helper cells

45
Q

T-helper cell 1 activation

A

Binding of MHC II of macrophage or dendritic cell to TCR and CD4 is the first step of T helper cell activation
Macrophage or dendritic cell release Interleukin I: signals T helper cell to become type 1
T helper 1 releases IL-2 the most powerful human immune system stimulator which activates cytotoxic T cells, turns monocytes into macrophages, activates more t-helper cells which release more IL-2

46
Q

T helper cell 2 activation

A

MHC II of B cell with foreign antigen binds TCR and CD4, B cell releases IL-4
IL-4 signals T helper cell to become t helper cell 2
Th2 cue releases IL-4 and B cell growth factor causing colonal expansion of B cell
Differentiates and expands to many memory and plasma cells
Memory cells go onto create IgM
Plasma cells make IgG

47
Q

Cytokines

A

Chemical messenger molecules that communicate between immune cells
Includes IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, interferons, chemokines

48
Q

Interferon

A

Cytokine released by virally-infected cells that stimulates production of anti-viral proteins

49
Q

Chemokines

A

Cytokine released by mast cells that attracts leukocytes to an infection

50
Q

Cytotoxic T cell activation

A

TCR on cytotoxic T cell and CD8 bind to a particular antigen on MHC - I
Stimulated by IL-2 from TH1 cells
Activated cytotoxic T cells release perforins and granzymes which enter and degrade infected host cell proteins

51
Q

Graft rejection

A

Cytotoxic T cell mediated immunity is most important factor,Tc cells recognize abnormal MHC I and mark cells for destruction

52
Q

T helpers specific to

A

Interact only with MHC II so specifically activated by APCs only
Conductors of the entire immune system

53
Q

T c cells specific to

A

Interact with MHC I they can be activated by any cell of the body so they can target and destroy cells with viral infection and cancerous cells

54
Q

B cells

A

Extracellular antigens/free floating/humoral

55
Q

T cells

A

Cell-mediated/ intracellular pathogens on surface of infected cell or APC

Microbio (14 decks)

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