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Microbio > Lecture 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Allergy/hypersensitivity

A

An exaggerated misdirected immune response that damages self tissue

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2
Q

Autoimmunity

A

Abnormal responses to self-antigen

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3
Q

Immunodeficiency

A

Immune function is incompletely developed, suppressed, or destroyed

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4
Q

Type I hypersensitivity

A

All have similar mechanism, fast /acute onset
IgE and mast cells
Localized or systemic

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5
Q

Type I hypersensitivity mechanism

A

Allergens enterand and are picked up by dendritic cell, dendritic presents to T helper cell on MHC II in lymph node, T helper activates B cell, B cell divides and produces plasma cells that make IgE specific to the allergen, Fc fragments on IgEs bind mast cells creating primed mast cells
When allergen encountered again it binds directly to primed mast cells causing degranulation leading to watery eyes, runny nose, etc

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6
Q

Sensitizing dose

A

Upon first exposure to the allergen IgE for the allergen is made and binds mast cells

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7
Q

Provocative dose

A

Subsequent exposure to the allergen where sensitized mast cells release chemical mediators that trigger allergy symptoms

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8
Q

Chemical mediators from mast cells

A

Histamine constricts bronchioles leading to wheezing, coughing, trouble breathing
Histamine binds smooth muscle of vessels and causes them to relax leading to vasodilation
Leukotriene asthma bronchiole constriction

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9
Q

Atopic allergy

A

Type I, local, chronic includes asthma and hay fever

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10
Q

Hay fever

A

Marked by seasonal acute inflammation of eyes (conjunctiva) and mucous membranes of the respiratory passage
Sneezing coughing

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11
Q

Asthma

A

Respiratory disease marked by extreme sensitivity to allergens

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12
Q

Eczema

A

An acute or chronic allergy of the skin causing itching and burning sensation

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13
Q

Food or drug allergies

A

Considered localized or atopic

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14
Q

Allergies are classified by

A

How they enter the body
Inhalants, ingestants, contactants, injectants

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15
Q

Systemic anaphylaxis

A

Most severe level of a type I hypersensitivity where mast calls all over the body are sensitized releasing tons of histamine leading to bronchiole constriction and vasodilation
Shock: major drop in blood pressure
Suffocation

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16
Q

Most common causes of systemic anaphylaxis

A

Food, insect stings, antibiotics, and latex

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17
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Inhibit B and T cells, can be given to help bad allergies but weaken immune system

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18
Q

Antihistamines

A

Popular treatment and active ingredient in most over the counter allergy drugs work by blocking histamine receptors on target organs
Compete with histamine

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19
Q

Cromolyn

A

Prevents degranulation of mast cells

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20
Q

Epinephrine

A

Counteracts effects of histamine, should be carried by people susceptible to anaphylaxis

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21
Q

Type II hypersensitivity

A

Involve complement assisted lysis of foreign cells by IgG and IgM antibodies against the cell’s foreign surface antigens
Includes transfusion reactions

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22
Q

Type II hypersensitivity

A

When the wrong blood type is transfused IgG and IgM antibodies clump donated blood into an agglutination complex which can block circulation, activates complement causing membrane attack complex leading to hemolysis of donated blood cells and anemia

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23
Q

3 months

A

Preformed antibodies against foreign blood type antigens

24
Q

Rh factor

A

Glycoprotein surface antigen, dominant trait, 85% humans, no preformed antibodies against Rh factor, sensitized by Rh negative individual getting exposed to RH factor

25
Q

Routes of exposure for RH factor

A

Transfusion or placental sensitization

26
Q

Hemolytic disease of newborns

A

During labor some RH+ from baby can get into mom’s circulatory system activate immune system and create memory IgG against RH making mom sensitized, then for next child if RH+ IgG antibodies against RH cross antibodies and bind fetal blood cells activating complement causing lysis of fetal blood cells
Leads to miscarriage or if less antibodies are made and cross placenta may have mild effects from distress later in life

27
Q

RhoGAM

A

Anti-RH antibodies given to RH- moms before and after labor that neutralize any baby blood that leave into mom’s system before her immune system reacts and becomes sensitized

28
Q

Type III hypersensitivity

A

Soluble antigen reacts with antibodies IgG and IgM which form immune complexes that deposit in the tissues and trigger complement resulting in inflammatory responses and damage to the tissues

29
Q

Type III mechanism

A

Antibody combines excess soluble antigen forming large complexes, the complexes become lodged in basement membranes of the epithelia of vessels kidney skin and other sites, complement factors trigger release of histamine and mediators, neutrophils migrate to immune complex sites and release enzymes and chemokines that severely damage tissues

30
Q

Arthus reaction

A

Acute response to a second injection or vaccines at the same site as first injection
Causes area to become red, hot, swollen, painful
Usually cleared on its own
Severe cases intravascular blood clotting

31
Q

Serum sickness

A

Immune complexes formed from exposure to animal serum (proteins)
Leads to kidney, heart, skin, and joint damage

32
Q

Type IV hypersensitivity

A

Delayed response to antigens that involves t-cell mediated immunity
T cells respond to antigens on self tissue or transplanted foreign cells
Graft rejection where cytotoxic T cells recognize foreign MHC

33
Q

Contact dermatitis

A

Type IV hypersensitivity, requires 2 exposures, liquid soluble chemicals are absorbed by skin, picked up by dendritic cells close to the epithelium pick up allergen, process it, and display on MHC, previously sensitized T helper cells that recognize and activate secreting cytokines to attract macrophages and cytotoxic T cells, macrophages secrete mediators causing local inflammation then cytotoxic T cells directly kill skin cells

34
Q

Autograft

A

Tissue from one site of body to another site of their body no rejection risk

35
Q

Isograft

A

Tissue from an identical thin, minimal rejection risk

36
Q

Allograft

A

Most common type involving exchanges between genetically different individuals belonging to the same species
Varying rejection risk based on MHC similarity

37
Q

Xenograft

A

Transplant exchange between individuals of different species

38
Q

Graft versus host disease

A

Especially in bone marrow transplants, the graft cells attack host
Graft tissue has own cytotoxic T cells that don’t recognize the recipient’s MHC

39
Q

Autoimmunity

A

Developing hypersensitivity to your own cells in which antibodies and/or autoreactive T cells attack self antigens

40
Q

Autoimmunity causes

A

1) lost ability to determine self vs non-self from colonal deletion failing or improper selection of T cells
2) mutations to TCR and BCR
3) appropriate antigen is similar to self tissue
4) viral infection triggers attack
Autoimmune more common in females

41
Q

Systemic lupus erythematosus

A

Produce antibodies to DNA and cellular material damages multiple organs and has distinctive butterfly rash
Treat steroids to weaken immune system

42
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

systemic autoimmune, Produce antibodies against joint tissue, chronic inflammation leads to scar tissue and joint damage

43
Q

Type I diabetes

A

Produce antibodies to insulin-secreting islet cells (beta cells) of the pancreas can also develop autoreactive T cells can develop and actively destroy islet cells
Reduces insulin production
Insulin essential to cellular uptake of glucose

44
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Produce antibodies against myelin sheath around nerves, autoreactive T cells can also contribute to destruction of nerves
Diminished capacity of neurons to send impulses leading to neuromuscular disease
Muscle weakness, tremors, speech, vision problems, paralysis

45
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

Produce antibodies against acetylcholine receptors on muscles, no muscle contraction from blocked receptors, results in muscle paralysis

46
Q

Immunodeficiency diseases

A

Components of the immune response system are absent involving B and T cells, phagocytes, and complement
Recurrent overwhelming infections with opportunistic pathogens

47
Q

Primary immunodeficiency

A

Genetically-based rack of immunity that is present at birth

48
Q

Secondary immunodeficiency

A

Acquired after birth and caused by natural or artificial agents like infections, cancer, drugs, or radiation

49
Q

Di Georgesyndrome

A

Most severe immunodeficiency underdeveloped or no thymus, can’t create T cell receptors in thymus, no cell-mediated immunity
Recurrent infections

50
Q

agammaglobulinemia

A

Make no antibodies, caused by B cells that don’t make plasma cells, affects humoral immunity

51
Q

Severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCIDs)

A

Most dire and lethal of immunodeficiencies, lack stem cells that develop into B and T lymphocytes, no immune system
Bone marrow transplant containing B and T cans
No rejection

52
Q

Cancer

A

Growth of abnormal cells, repeated and uncontrolled cell division forming tumor

53
Q

Benign tumor

A

Self-contained mass that doesn’t invade or impede other tissues

54
Q

Malignant tumor

A

Uncontrolled growth that does impact tissue function and spreads to other sites

55
Q

Cancer causes

A

Mutations in tumor suppressor genes that play a role in telling cell to stop dividing or correcting
Viral infections can carry oncogenes that cause cell to divide uncontrollably
Environmental factors

56
Q

Immune system + cancer

A

Cell mediated immune system does surveillance and cells with cancerous proteins are destroyed
Cytotoxic T cells release perforins and granzymes

57
Q

Dramatic cancer risk increase

A

Immunocompromised patients that lack adequate surveillance (T cells)

Microbio (14 decks)

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