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Microbio > Lecture 13 > Flashcards

Lecture 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Resident microbiota

A

Includes bacteria, fungi (yeasts), and Protozoa that are on most areas of the body that are in contact with the outside environment like the skin, upper respiratory tract, GI tract, urogenital tract

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2
Q

Benefit of resident microbiota

A

Prevent overgrowth of pathogenic microbes

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3
Q

Resident microbiota examples

A

Lactobacillus in the vagina keep pH low by fermenting glycogen preventing the overgrown of candida, E. coli in the large intestines secrete bacteriocins that prevent the overgrowth of bacteria like salmonella and shigella

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4
Q

Resident microbiota examples

A

Lactobacillus in the vagina keep pH low by fermenting glycogen preventing the overgrown of candida, E. coli in the large intestines secrete bacteriocins that prevent the overgrowth of bacteria like salmonella and shigella

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5
Q

Resident microbiota found

A

Skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, external genitalia, vagina, external ear and canal, eye lids and lashes

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6
Q

Sterile sites and fluids

A

Organs including bones, brain, bladder, blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid

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7
Q

Portal of entry

A

Characteristic routes that infectious microbes enter the body through, every microbe has a specific one

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8
Q

Exogenous

A

Infectious agent originates from source outside the body

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9
Q

Endogenous

A

Infectious agent already exists on or in the body

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10
Q

What have most pathogens adapted to

A

A specific portal of entry

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11
Q

Some pathogens

A

Can enter by more than one portal of entry to cause different infections

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12
Q

Infectious dose

A

The minimum number of microbes to be inoculated into the host for infection to proceed, varies for each organism

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13
Q

Ghonnorea

A

1000 Neisseria ghonnorea cells, through sexual contact

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14
Q

Measles

A

1 measles virus, through respiratory

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15
Q

Typhoid fever

A

10,000 salmonella typhi, through ingestion of fecal contaminated food or water

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16
Q

Cholera

A

1 million vibrio cholera, through ingestion of fecal contaminated water

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17
Q

Adhesion

A

The process by which microbes gain a stronger foothold at the portal of entry

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18
Q

Fimbriae

A

Short hair-like structures used in adhesion

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19
Q

Capsules

A

Extracellular slime or stocky layer used in adhesion

20
Q

Viral spires

A

Attach to host receptors1 adhesion structure

21
Q

Hooks or flagella

A

Used for attachment/adhesion

22
Q

Virulence

A

Ability of microbes to invade a host, produce substances to evade host defenses, and bring damage to the host

23
Q

Virulence factors

A

Substances that improve the microbe’s ability to establish an infection and promote their invasiveness

24
Q

Virulence factors include

A

Physical structures, exoenzymes, antiphagolytic factors, and endo and exo toxins

25
Q

Exoenzymes

A

Used to get deeper into the host, enzymes made and secreted by microbes that disrupt the structure of the hosttissue

26
Q

Keratinase

A

Exoenzyme secreted by dermatophytes to digest the principal component of hair and nails

27
Q

Mucinase

A

Exoenzyme, factor in amoebic dysentery, digests principal component of mucus membranes

28
Q

Hyaluronidase

A

Secreted by staphylococcus and streptococcus to digest hyaluronic acid which is the ground substance cementing animal cells together

29
Q

Antiphagocytic factors

A

Leukocidins, glycocalyx, and intracellular survival

30
Q

Leukocidins

A

Toxic Substances Secreted by virulent strains of staphylococcus and streptococcus that kill WBCs
Punch holes causing cells to lyse

31
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Extra cellular surface layers make it physically difficult for phagocytes to engulf them ( strep. pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Cryptococcus)

32
Q

Intracellular survival

A

Some bacteria are well adapted to survive inside phagocytes like chlamydia, mycobacterium, listeria, etc

33
Q

Toxins

A

Chemical products of an organism that have poisonous effects on other organisms

34
Q

Exotoxins

A

Secreted by a living bacteria cell into the infected tissue ( usually targets specific tissue)

35
Q

Endotoxins

A

Not secreted, released after the cell is damaged or lysed
Usually found in cell wall and released upon death causing fever, shock, watery eyes etc

36
Q

Exotoxin properties

A

Made of small proteins, produced by gram neg and pos, released by live cells, toxic in small amounts, can be destroyed by heating, ingesting toxin or toxin secreted into tissues, specific to a cell type, quick illness variable recovery
Food poisoning, diarrhea, paralysis, tissue damage

37
Q

Endotoxin properties

A

LPS and techoic acids, lipid/sugar based, LPS gram neg and TA gram plus, released from cell wall during lysis, toxic in higher doses, stable at higher temps, systemic
Inflammation, bleeding, GI problems, shock
Long incubation and recovery

38
Q

Incubation period

A

Time from initial contact with the pathogen to the appearance of the first symptom
Majority of infections range 2-30 days

39
Q

Prodromal stage

A

Short period 1-2 days when the earliest notable symptoms appear
Fatigue, head and muscle aches, upset stomach

40
Q

Period of invasion

A

Pathogen multipliesat high levels, exhibits greatest toxicity, becomes well established in target tissue

41
Q

Convalescent period

A

If patient doesn’t die, respond to infection and symptoms decline, can be dramatic or slow recovery

42
Q

Localized infection

A

Pathogen confined to specific tissue
Examples: boils, warts, fungal skin infection

43
Q

Systemic infection

A

Infection spreads to several sites through blood and lymph fluid
Examples: viral diseases like measles and chickenpox, secondary syphillis, cryptococcosis in hiv/aids

44
Q

Focal infection

A

Infectious agent breaks loose from local infection and is seeded or disseminated into other specific tissues
Examples: mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pyrogenes,

45
Q

Mixed infection

A

Same site infected with several microbes at the same time
Examples: animal or human bite infections, wound infections

Microbio (14 decks)

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