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Microbio > Lecture 15 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 Flashcards

1
Q

First line of defense

A

Innate, nonspecific, includes physical (skin, mucus) and chemical barriers (low pH, digestive enzymes)

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2
Q

Second line of defense

A

Innate and mostly non-specific, WBCs inflammation, fever, complement system, interferon

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3
Q

Third line of defense

A

Specific and provides memory, T and B lymphocytes plus antibodies

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4
Q

Primary defenses (physical)

A

Skin: keratin, tough and waterproof
Mucus: traps microbes, protects body openings without skin
Cilia: moves mucus/secretions
Urine: flushes out microbes
BBB
Sneezing and coughing
Defecation and vomiting
Normal microbiota

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5
Q

Primary defenses (chemical)

A

Lysozyme in tears, saliva, sweat: enzyme hydrolyses peptidoglycan
Defensins in various cells and tissues: damage bacterial and fungal membranes
Sebum: inhibits growth
Sweat: high lactic acid and electrolytes
Hydrochloric acid in stomach
Acidic vagina

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6
Q

Immunology

A

Study of all features of the body’s second and third lines of defense

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7
Q

Immune system tasks

A

Surveillance of the body, recognition of self and foreign material, destruction of foreign entities

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8
Q

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

A

Protein “self tags” found on the surface of all human cells except RBCs

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9
Q

How MHCs are made

A

Exons are randomly selected from the MHC genes during development to form an individuals MHC, everyone’s MHC is different

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10
Q

Circulatory system immune functions

A

Blood carries plasma with proteins and nutrients, plasma build up causes swelling, leukocytes in blood, platelets for clotting

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11
Q

Lymphatic system immune functions

A

Provides route to return extracellular fluid to the circulatory system, drain off system for inflammatory response
Also surveillance, recognition, and protection through lymphocytes, phagocytes, and antibodies

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12
Q

Lymph vessels

A

Run parallel along blood vessels transporting lymph and collecting ECF from tissue to return to blood circulation

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13
Q

Lymph

A

Plasma like liquid that contains numerous WBCs especially lymphocytes, and infectious agents

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14
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Small bean-shaped organs stationed along the body that filter lymph fluid and house lymphocytes

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15
Q

Thymus

A

Gland above heart involved in T cell maturation

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16
Q

Bone marrow

A

Site of blood cell production

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17
Q

Lymphoid tissue

A

Patches of B and T cells found near portals of entry in the body

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18
Q

MALT

A

Mucus associated lymphoid tissue
Around areas with a lot of mucus

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19
Q

Lymph flow

A

Flows only towards the heart moved by skeletal muscle contractions of muscles surrounding lymph vessels

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20
Q

Basophils

A

Defenders against local invasion of pathogens, live in the blood, releases histamine causing inflammatory response, granulocyte

21
Q

Mast cells

A

Mast cells line the tissue exposed to the environment, first line defenders against local invasions, release chemokines that stimulate movement of other WBCs to site of infection and histamine

22
Q

Histamine

A

Starts inflammatory response by causing vasodilation bringing more WBCs to area

23
Q

Neutrophils

A

Phagocytes first responders, most abundant WBC (60% +), engulf and kill bacteria

24
Q

Monocytes

A

Circulate in blood and become macrophages when activated

25
Q

Macrophage

A

Largest WBC, super active phagocytes, come in last and process foreign molecules plus present them to lymphocytes, overlaps with third line of defense

26
Q

Eosinophils

A

Specialized granulocytes, active against fungal and helminth infections, use cytokines to punch holes in worms

27
Q

Dendritic calls

A

Engulf pathogens and activate other immune cells by presenting foreign molecules to lymphocytes, taste testers
Throughout tissue that is close to the external environment
Long thin processes resemble dendrites
Overlap with third line

28
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Third line of defense provide specific immune response and memory to foreign invaders
Two types: B and T lymphocytes

29
Q

Diapedesis

A

Leukocytes leave the circulatory system and enter the extracellular space to check for self and non-self cells
Can be increased with chemokines released by mast cells stimulating infiltration of WBCs via a chemical gradient
Made possible by leaky capillaries and endothelial tissue of vessels

30
Q

Phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages

A
  1. Chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte
  2. Ingestion of microbe by phagocyte
  3. Formation of phagosome
  4. Fusion of phagosome and lysosome to form phagolysosome
  5. Digestion of ingested microbe by enzymes
  6. Formation of residual body containing indigestible material
  7. Discharge of waste material
31
Q

Inflammation

A

Secondary defense, response to infection or chemical/physical stimuli
4 signs redness, pain, swelling, heat

32
Q

Goal of inflammation

A

Either destroy and remove pathogen ory confine it to a specific area and stimulate tissue repair

33
Q

1st response of inflammation

A

Vasoconstriction, prevents blood loss until clot forms, bacteria in wound signals mast cells to sound the alarm by releasing chemokines and histamine

34
Q

Second response of inflammation

A

Histamine causes vasodilation increasing blood flow to infected area causing redness and heat given off by increased blood flow, increased vascular permeability causes leaking of fluids from blood vessels into tissue

35
Q

Third response of inflammation

A

Swelling from increased extracellular fluid in the tissue, pressure from swelling on nerve endings causes pain, site infiltrated by neutrophils that are attracted by chemokines phagocytize sometimes forming pus

36
Q

Fourth response of inflammation

A

Macrophages clean up debris, dead cells, leftover bacteria from infection
Fluid is reabsorbed by lymph system
Tissue either returns to normal state or scar tissue forms

37
Q

Fever

A

Secondary defense, elevated body temperature, starts when pathogens release pyrogens that bind the hypothalamus and reset it to a higher temperature
Macrophages and other immune cells can cause never by secreting the cytokine interleukin-1, a pyrogen

38
Q

Response to fever

A

Body tries to maintain the set temperature via changes in vasculature, metabolism, and musculature
Like shivering

39
Q

Benefits of fever

A

Inhibits multiplication of temperature sensitive microbes, increases metabolism and stimulates immune reactions,

40
Q

Dangers of fever

A

If temperatures get too high can damage human proteins, high or prolonged fevers especially in children need fever-suppressant drugs

41
Q

Interferon (IFN)

A

Small protein produced by virally infected cells, bind to nearby cells and induce expression of antiviral proteins to protect nearby cells from the virus

42
Q

Complement

A

Second line of defense 30 serum proteins that work in a cascade to destroy pathogens, proteins activated by cleavage, complement or assist in immune responses

43
Q

Complement system

A

Complement proteins activated by self-cleavage, surround pathogen making them more appealing to macrophages, a process called opsonization, complements also form membrane attack complexes that punch holes in bacterial all membranes causing lysis, bind to mast cells signaling them to release chemokines and histamine triggering inflammatory response

44
Q

Classical pathway

A

Antibody binding to pathogen activates complements that can lead to all 3 complement functions: opsonization, cytolysis via macrophages, and inflammation

45
Q

Alternative pathway

A

Complement proteins bind directly to surface proteins on bacteria causing self cleavage leading to opsonization, inflammation, and cytolysis
Pathway doesn’t work if pathogen has capsule

46
Q

Lectin pathway

A

Lectin binding to lectin receptors on pathogens activating complements leading to opsonization, inflammatory, and cytolysis

47
Q

Third line of defense

A

Lymphocytes, B cells that mature in bone marrow, humoral immunity because found in blood and lymphatics protect bodily fluids

48
Q

T cells

A

Mature in the thymus, engage in cell-mediated immunity, intracellular threats like viruses, pathogen has to be presented to them

Microbio (14 decks)

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