Lecture 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the frequency and distribution of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Father of epidemiology

A

John snow famous for determining the cause of the 1854 cholera outbreak in London

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Surveillance

A

Collecting, analyzing, and reporting data on rates of occurrence, mortality, morbidity and transmission of infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Who does surveillance

A

In US CDC
Worldwide WHO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Prevalence

A

Accumulated total of existing cases with respect to the entire population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Prevalence formula

A

Total number of cases in population/ total number of persons in population
x100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Incidence

A

Number of new cases over a certain time period as compared with the general healthy population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Incidence formula

A

Number of new cases/ total number of susceptible persons
x100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mortality rate

A

Total number of deaths in a population due to a certain disease
Mortality from infectious diseases have dropped over past century

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Morbidity rate

A

Measures total number of persons afflicted with an infectious disease
Rate has remained high over past century

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Endemic

A

An infectious disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long time period in a particular geographic locale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Endemic disease examples

A

Valley river in Southwestern US

Lyme disease in certain areas of the US like northeast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sporadic

A

Infrequent or irregular cases of an infectious disease outbreak that occur randomly over a wide area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sporadic disease examples

A

Measles and typhoid fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Epidemic

A

An increased number of cases beyond expected levels that appear in geographic clusters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Epidemic examples

A

Syphilis and STDs
Foodborne
Influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pandemic

A

The spread of an epidemic across continents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pandemic examples

A

HIV/AIDS
COVID-19

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Determining transmission

A

Ask about patient background
Locations frequented or traveled
Possible contacts
Habits
Food
Sexual partners

20
Q

Transmission

A

Exchange of the pathogen from an infected individual to uninflected hosts

21
Q

Direct transmission

A

Kissing, sex, biological vectors, large droplets

22
Q

Indirect transmission

A

Airborne droplet nuclei, fomites, food

23
Q

Reservoir

A

Primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen originates

24
Q

Living reservoir

A

May or may not have symptoms, members of a host population or carriers, animals

25
Q

Non-living reservoir

A

Soil and water for pathogenic fungi, bacterial endospores, parasite cysts ova and larvae

26
Q

Asymptomatic carrier

A

Infected without symptoms, a living reservoir

27
Q

Incubation, convalescent, and chronic carriers

A

Can transmit the infection either before or after the period of symptoms

28
Q

Vectors

A

Live animal that transmits the infectious agent from one host to another

29
Q

Biological vector

A

Actively participates in a pathogen’s life cycle, serving as a site for multiplication or completion of life cycle like anopheles mosquito

30
Q

Mechanical vector

A

Not necessary to the life cycle of a pathogen only transports it without being infected like flies carrying bacteria

31
Q

Zoonosis

A

Infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans like west Nile and birds, human may be dead end host don’t contribute to persistence of microbe

32
Q

Zoonoses

A

70% of all new emerging diseases worldwide

33
Q

Common zoonotic infections

A

Rabies in mammals, west nile virus birds and mosquitoes, salmonellosis in chicken and swines, influenza in chicken and swine, anthrax in domestic farm animals

34
Q

Nosocomial infections

A

Infectious diseases acquired or developed during a hospital stay, 0.1-20% of all admitted patients

35
Q

CDC nosocomial infections

A

1.7 million each year
99,000 deaths per year

36
Q

Common nosocomial infections

A

Urinary tract from catheters and being unable to stand, respiratory tract from breathing machines, surgical incision infections

37
Q

Applying epidemiological info

A

Determine recommendations for individuals, determine recommendations for public health policy, predict future of disease, suggest ways to stop/slow disease spread

38
Q

Etiological agent

A

Causative agent of infection or disease

39
Q

Robert Koch

A

Laid foundation for determining the etiological agent for many infections and a standard for determining causation, developed pure culture methods, identified etiological agent of anthrax, TB, and cholera

40
Q

Koch’s postulates

A

Show that a specific microorganism is responsible for a particular disease

41
Q

Postulate 1

A

Correlate every case of disease with the presence of a certain microbe

42
Q

Postulate 2

A

Isolate that microbe from an infected subject, cultivate it in a pure culture in the lab and identify it

43
Q

Postulate 3

A

Inoculate a susceptible healthy subject with the laboratory isolate and observe the resultant disease

44
Q

Postulate 4

A

Re-isolate the agent from this subject in Pure culture and prove its the same microbe that you inoculated

45
Q

“Gold standard”

A

Koch’S postulates for identifying etiological agent of infections helped determine the cause of TB, diphtheria, and plague

46
Q

Postulates don’t work for

A

Viral infections, obligate intracellular bacteria, microbes that cause multiple diseases
Modified for these pathogens