Lecture 2- The Cell Flashcards
What are histones?
Protein that is used as “spools” to allow efficient packaging of chromosones and DNA
How many bonds between Adenine and Thymine?
2
How many bonds between Cytosine and guanine?
3
Difference in ionic and covalent bonding
ionic - exchange of electrons (metal and non- metal)
covalent- sharig of electrons (two non-metals)
Why is there no rotation in C=C bonds?
No rotation as bonds are shorter and rigid. The atoms are on the same plane and therefore have no rotation.
What is meat by hydrophilic?
Water loving
What is meat by hydrophobic?
Water hating - repels water
What is a polymer?
collection of smaller molecules put together
what are homopolymers?
polymers made from many copies of the same molecule
What are heteropolymers?
Polymers created from different assemblies of different building blocks
What is a polymer of sugar?
Polysaccharide
What is a polymer of carbon?
Fat/lipid
What is a polymer of nucleotide bases in specific sequences?
nucleic acids
What is the name given to a polymer with 20 different amino acid in a specific sequence?
Protein
What is the simplest sugar?
Monosaccharides
Give 3 examples of monosaccharides?
Glucose, manose, galactose
What is the bond within complex sugars?
Gylcosidic
What makes up sucrose?
Glucose and Fructose
What makes up maltose?
Glucose x2
What makes up galactose?
Glucose and galactose
A short chain of large linear and branched molecules made from repeating units is know as?
Oligosaccharides
A large chain of large linear and branched molecules made from repeating units is know as?
Polysaccharides
What is gylocen?
A polysaccharide in the storage form of glucose (stable)
What does insulin do?
Converts blood glucose to glycogen
What happens when you are starving?
Glycogen is converted to blood glucose
What is the function of glycoproteins?
- Prevents blood cells sticking together
- Cell communication
- Cellular identity?
What does amphipathic mean?
Contains both hydrophillic and hydrophobic regions?
What does the tightness of the packing of the membrane correspond to?
The fluidity
How many base pairs in the human genome?
3 billion
Code for aspartic acid
Asp D
Code for glutamic acid
Glu E
Code for arginine
Arg R
Code for Lysine
Lys K
Code for histdine
His h
Code for Asparagine
Asn n
Code for serine
Ser s
Code for threonine
Thr T
Code for Tyrosine
Tyr Y
Code for alanine
Ala A
Code for glycine
Gly G
Code for valine
Val V
Code for Leucine
LeuL
Code for isoleucine
Ile I
Code for Proline
Pro P
Code for Phenylalanine
Phe F
Code for methionine
Met M
Code for tryptophan
Trp W
Code for Cysteine
Cys C
What is a Zwitterion?
A compound with no overall charge, but which contains separate parts which are positively and negatively charged.
Structure of Protein
Primary (Amino acid sequence-covalent bonds)
Secondary (a-helix, b-sheet-H-bonds)
Tertiary (3D structure of the protein-hydrophobic bonds)
Quaternary (multi-protein complex)
Examples of protein folding gone wrong?
CF and Alzheimers disease
What is CF
Mutations in the Cl ion channel causing misfolding of the channel that prevents the correct Cl- transport
What causes Alzhiemers disease?
Misfolding and aggregation of a protein called beta -amyloid