22- Power Sources and Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three major uses of Amino Acids?

A

To prodce metabolic energy
To make protein
To make other molecules

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2
Q

What is meant by glucogenic amino acid?

A

The carbon skeletons are degraded to pyruvate or TCA cycle intermediates, which are precursors for glucose synthesis

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3
Q

What is meant by ketogenic amino acid?

A

Carbon skeleton degraded to acetyl-CoA or acetoacetate.
Ketogenic AA can be catabolised for energy in the TCA cycle or converted to ketone or fatty acids

CANNOT be converted to gluscose

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4
Q

What is phenylketonuria (PKU)?

A

Caused by problems with phenylalanine metabolism

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5
Q

What is the role of the enzyme glutamate dehdrogensae?

A

Facilitates the conversion of nitrogen to ammonium

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6
Q

What is step 1 of the urea cycle? and where does it occur?

check if we need to know the equations

A

Ammonium is used to synthesise carbamoyl phosphate

Occurs in the mitochondria

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7
Q

Where does the urea cycle occur?

A

Mainly in the liver and to a lesser extend the kidneys

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8
Q

What are the reactants of step 1?

A

NH4+ +CO2 +2ATP

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9
Q

What enzyme is used in step 1 of the urea cycle?

A

Carbamoyl phosphate synthase

CPS

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10
Q

What are the products of step 1 of urea cycle?

A

Carbamoyl Phosphate + 2 ADP + Pi

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11
Q

What are the reactants of step 2 of the urea cycle?

A

Carbamoyl phosphate and ornithine

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12
Q

What are the products of step 2 of the urea cycle

A

Citrulline and Pi

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13
Q

What enzyme is used in step 2 of the urea cycle?

A

Ornithine Transcarbamoylase

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14
Q

Where does step 2 of the urea cycle occur?

A

Mitochondria

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15
Q

What are the reactants of step 3?

A

Citrulline + Aspartate + ATP

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16
Q

What enzyme is used in step 3 of the urea cycle?

A

Argininosuccinate Synthetase

17
Q

What are the products of step 3 of the urea cycle?

A

Argininosuccinate

+ AMP + PPi

18
Q

Where does step 3 of the urea cycle occur?

A

Cytosol

19
Q

What are the reactants of step 4?

A

Argininosuccinate

20
Q

What enzyme is used in step 4 of the urea cycle?

A

Argininosuccinate Lyase

21
Q

What are the products of step 4 of the urea cycle?

A

Arginine + Fumarate

22
Q

Where does step 4 of the urea cycle occur?

A

Cytosol

23
Q

What are the reactants of step 5?

A

Arginine + H2O

24
Q

What enzyme is used in step 5 of the urea cycle?

A

Arginase

25
Q

What are the products of step 5 of the urea cycle?

A

Ornithine + Urea

26
Q

Where does step 5 of the urea cycle occur?

A

Cytosol

27
Q

What happens if there is a disorder in the urea cycle?

A

Results in very high circulating ammonium levels

28
Q

What type of bases are A & G and what structure do they have?

A

Purines with a 2 ring structure

29
Q

What type of bases are C & T and what structure do they have?

A

Pyramidines with a single ring structure

30
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

Base and 5 carbon sugar and a phosphate group

31
Q

What is a clinical condition caused by increased levels of uric acid?

A

Gout due to diet

32
Q

Describe purine metabolism?

A

Adenosine and guanosine becomes adenine and guanine which combine to form xanthine xanthine oxidase will then make in form uric acid