24- Mitochondria and ATP production Flashcards
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
Inner mitochondrial membrane
What electron carriers are involved in oxidative phosphorylation?
Ubiquinone-(Coenzyme Q)
Flavin mononucleotide
Cytochromes
Iron-sulphur groups
What happens in complex I of the ETC? what enzyme used?
Transfers electrons from NADH to CoQ
Transfers protons from matrix to intermembrane space
Coenzyme Q reductase
What happens in complex III of the ETC? What enzyme is used?
Transfers electrons from reduced CoQ to cytochrome c
Transfers protons from matrix to intermembrane space
Co-enzyme Q reductase
What happens in complex IV of the ETC? What enzyme is used?
Cytochrome c oxidase
Transfers electrons from cytochrome c to O2
Transfers protons from matrix to intermembrane space
Enzyme in complex V and what happens?
ATP synthase
Protons flow through this enzyme, which uses energy to generate ATP
What happens in complex II and what enzyme?
Coenzyme Q reductase
Transfers electrons from FADH2 to CoQ
What is produced when a single electron is transfered to O2?
superoxide anion
What is a free radical?
Any atom with at least one unpaired electron in the outermost shell?
What does a free radical do?
Steals electrons from other atoms, thus generating a new free radical and establishing a chain reaction
Why are free radials important?
Killing of bacteria by neutrophils
Certain cell signalling processes
What is meant by oxidative stress?
Term used to describe the level of oxidative damage in a cell, tissue or organ, caused by ROS
What is used to limit the damage of oxidative stress?
Antioxidant enzymes
Antioxidant vitamins
What diseases does oxidative stress lead to?
Cancers
Diabetes
Cardiovascular diesease
Ageing
