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Gross Anatomy > lecture 2: connective tissue > Flashcards

lecture 2: connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what germ layer is most connective tissue derrived from?

A

the mesoderm

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2
Q

what is the difference between totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent?

A

toti-can become anything (anyone!) pluri-any kind of the three germ layers, multi- any cell that is of the germ layer that cell has already initiated

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3
Q

the mesenchyme can differentiate into what four types of precursor cells?

A

fibroblasts, osteoblasts, chondrochondroblasts, hematopoetic cells

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4
Q

Besides cells, another component of connective tissue is important to contributing to type and function

A

fibers, ie collagen, elastic fibers, reticular fibers

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5
Q

type I collagen: where is it found, and what might a disorder of this cause?

A

tendons, ligaments and bones, and stratum fibrosum, lead to very fragile body if defective

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6
Q

type II collagen, where is it found?

A

found in the hyaline cartilige and annulus fibrosis

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7
Q

type III cartilige, where is it found

A

skin and the stratum synovium

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8
Q

type XI cartillige, where is it found?

A

articulating surface of joints

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9
Q

epidermolysis bollusa is a disease of what?

A

collage VII: anchoring collagen

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10
Q

what is the role of loose connective tissue, like areolar tissue?

A

packages organs, surrounds capillaries, under epithelia of body, role in inflamation, cushion, moisture management

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11
Q

in what way is the composition of dense connective tissue different than loose?

A

more collagen, makes it stronger

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12
Q

irregular, dense connective tissue eg are

A

fascia, capsules, periostium, perichondrium

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13
Q

regularly arranged tissue eg

A

ligaments and tendons

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14
Q

what about the arrangement of the collagen fibers is different between tendons and ligaments

A

ligs are less parallel, can withstand small force

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15
Q

What are the two layers of the joint capsule?

A

stratum fibrousum, stratum synovium

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16
Q

which layer of the joint capsule is rich in blood supply and poorly innervated?

A

the synovial layer

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17
Q

what is hemarthrosis?

A

bleeding into the joint space

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18
Q

what characterizes the stratum fibrosum?

A

poor vask, rich innerv esp for pain, inflex, guides!

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19
Q

name three functions of tendons, and how its suited to this role

A

attach muscle to bone, transmit tensile forces for movement, do this efficiently, collagen make up of fiber– inelastic means force is not diminished

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20
Q

what makes an apponeuresis so powerful

A

represents a muscle with a large origin and small insertion

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21
Q

what is an example of an elastic ligament?

A

ligamentum flavum or nuchae

22
Q

cartilage is a modified connective tissue. how does it differ from other CT?

A

made up of different cells, these differentiate very early in development (chondroblasts) different, stiffer matrix

23
Q

in cartilage, where are the cells (the chondrocytes)?

A

in lacunae

24
Q

cartilage is avascular. how does it receive nutrients?

A

either via the perichondrium, or via the synovial fluid

25
Q

what are the two stages of cartilage cell growth?

A

Interstitial and appositional growth, i, active dividing, ap= no dividing just hypertrophy

26
Q

what surrounds the hyaline cartilage, providing nutrients during development (except for articular cart?

A

perichondrium

27
Q

two reasons to have articular cartilage

A

reduces friction and distributes the load

28
Q

difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis

A

mechanica, restricted to one, vs chronic systemic autommune

29
Q

where would you find elastic cartilage?

A

ear, epiglottis

30
Q

purposes of bone:

A

ion resevoir, produce RBC, atatchment for muscles, protection

31
Q

bone can develop two ways, a common and less common way, give examples of each

A

endochondral, long bones etc, intramembranous ossification where bone dev directly from bone (mandible, scull, clavicle,)

32
Q

in intramembranous ossification, what happens?

A

precursours (osteoblasts) develop from the mesodermal stem cells. osteoblasts secrete osteoid, which traps them, they become osteocytes.

33
Q

describe endochondral ossification:

A

from a cartilige model, there is primary and secondary ossification. During primary, chondrocytes differentiate into osteoblasts, begin to deposit bone matrix. there is still a growth plate (cartilige interface)

34
Q

what is the direction of secondary growth in endochondrial ossification?

A

towards center: chondrocyte layer towards the end, hypertrophic zone towards center of bone=leaves cartilage at the end (articular)

35
Q

different roles for osteoblasts, clasts and cytes

A

blasts make bone, clasts break it down, cytes sense pressure

36
Q

most of the dry weight of bone is

A

mineral and collagen

37
Q

volksmans canals, haersian canals=

A

v passes into bone, h goes along side

38
Q

in mature bone, where are osteoblasts located for growth and repair?

A

in the inner layer of the periosteum, osteogenic layer

39
Q

what are the two types of bone?

A

compact, spongy

40
Q

compact bone charicteristics:

A

found in the diaphysis, has haversian system, support and strength

41
Q

spongy bone charicteristics

A

composed of trabiculae, found in the epiphysis, red marrow, light weight, make bones springy

42
Q

what is wolfes law?

A

normal pulling of tendons, weight bearing will shape bones

43
Q

how can movement initiate osteogenisis rather than adipogenisis?

A

mechanical loading through the bones can make cells preferentially differentiate into bone rather than fat

44
Q

evidence of wolf’s law?

A

weight lifters develop thickenings of insertion on stressed muscles, tennis players hae increased cortical layer on dominant arm

45
Q

what type of fracture is most likely to have severe soft tissue dammage, least?

A

crushing or penetrating-explosive, tapping

46
Q

tensile force will produce this type of fracture:

A

transverse

47
Q

axial compression will produce this type of fracture:

A

oblique

48
Q

spiral fracture is produced by this kind of force

A

torsion

49
Q

bending force will produce this type of fracture

A

transverse with small butterfly

50
Q

axial compression and bending will produce this type of fracture

A

transverse oblique with large butterfly

51
Q

how do blastocytes sense mechanical load?

A

processes extend into ECM, pressure allows this mechanical signal to be translated into a chemical signal

Gross Anatomy (24 decks)

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