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U0 Biology 115 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is diversity

A

= differences between living things

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2
Q

what is the definition of life

A

life is capable of:
growth
reproduction
functional activity: movement, response to stimuli, metabolism, catabolism, excretion…
adaption: change over time in response to the environment

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3
Q

is a rock alive

A 
a rock
growth no
reproductivity no
activity no
adaptation no

no

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4
Q

is a prion alive

A 
a prion
growth no
reproductivity no
activity no
adaptation no

no

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5
Q

is a coral alive

A 
a coral
growth yes
reproductivity yes
activity yes
adaptation yes

yes

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6
Q

is a virus alive

A 
a virus
growth no
reproductivity uses host machinery
activity no (don’t respond to stimuli, don’t have their own metabolism)
adaptation yes

accepted as not alive

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7
Q

what is a prion

A

PrPc^c—a normal protein
PrP^sc—disease-causing form of prion protein
infectious agents
composed of a protein that can fold in multiple ways
one way of folding is transmissible to other prior portions

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8
Q

what disease might a prion cause

A

mad cow

aka Creutzfeldt-Jakob

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9
Q

what is a virus

A

infection agents
composed of a handful of parts
they use machinery within the cells thy infect to replicate
highly adaptable

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10
Q

what is biological diversity

A

scientists refer to the variety within and among living species as biological diversity

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11
Q

what is a kingdom

A

aka domains, taxonomic category of the highest rank, each kingdom groups together all forms of life having certain fundamental characteristics in common

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12
Q

what is a species

A

a group of individuals that regularly breed together

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13
Q

until about 50 years ago, how were organisms classifies

A

organisms were classified based on observations of behaviour, shape, size, etc

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14
Q

what was is the father of modern taxonomy

A

Carl linneaus

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15
Q

what did carl linnaeus do

A

classified plants, animals, minerals

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16
Q

what did linnaeus conclude about plants

A

organisms that were immobile and apparently made their own food

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17
Q

what did linnaeus conclude about animals

A

organisms that could move about and relied on other organisms for food

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18
Q

how many kingdoms were there in 1969

A

5 kingdoms

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19
Q

in 1969 how did scientist organize organisms

A

categorized organisms according to cell type and method of obtaining energy

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20
Q

what were/are the 5 kingdoms

A

plants, animals, fungi, protista, bacteria

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21
Q

what changed with the addition of molecular characteristics

A

later adapted to 6 kingdoms and 3 domains with the addition of molecular characteristics

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22
Q

what are the 3 domains

A

bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes

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23
Q

what does the term prokarya include

A

prokarya is a term for both bacteria and archaea

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24
Q

what are Prokarya

A

is further broken down into; bacteria, archaea

single celled and do not have membrane bound organelles

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25
what are Eukarya
plants, animals, fungi, protesta | multicellular and have membrane bound organelle
26
what is significant about the organelles of prokarya
single celled and do not have membrane bound organelles
27
what is significant about the organelles of Eukarya
multicellular and have membrane bound organelle
28
what are traits of Prokarya— Bacteria
mostly single-celled forms some form colonies or filaments cell wall contains peptidoglycan (this is one thing that takes them different from archeae) diverse lifestyles, some can make their own food
29
what are traits of Prokarya— archaea
mostly single-celled forms cell wall lacks peptidoglycan (this is one thing that makes them different from bacteria) similar to eukaryotes in genome organization many species live in extreme environments
30
what are traits of Eukarya— plants
multicellular make own food largely stationary
31
what are traits of Eukarya— fungi
multicellular rely on other organisms for food reproduced by spores body made up of thin ailments called hyphae
32
what are traits of Eukarya— animals
multicellular rely on other organisms for food mobile for at least part of life
33
what are the origin of divergence
DNA and RNA sequences change over time as a result of mutations
34
what are Bacteria and Archaea
single celled organisms, free living or colonial cells are small, do not have membrane bound organelles (e.g. a nucleus, mitochondria, or chloroplasts) numerous; there are more bacteria in your mouth than the number of humans who have ever lived extremely adaptable; live in harsh environments
35
what was the ver first organism
prokaryote
36
what was the Sequence of events led to the Eukaryotes— from prokaryote to eukaryote in 3 steps
step 1— acquiring a nucleus step 2— acquiring mitochondria (chemical energy production) (all protists, plants, animals, fungi) step 3— acquiring chloroplasts (light based energy production) all photosynthetic organisms (plants, some protists)
37
how did the mitochondria get into the cell
was absorbed
38
Domain Eularya— protists | what are the animal cells like
animal-like ciliates (hair-like) flagellates (long tail) amoebas (pseudopodia)
39
Domain Eularya— protists | what are the plant cells like
``` diatoms (glass shell) brown algae (multicellular) green algae (uni, multi-cellular) ```
40
Domain Eularya— what were the origins of multicellularity
``` slime mold (colonial) brown algae (multicellular) green algae (uni, multicellular) ```
41
define evolution—
change over time
42
define change—
inherited characteristics of a population become different
43
what are inherited characteristics—
allele frequencies
44
what are population—
a group of individuals living in the same geographic area
45
what is time—
usually ling, as in millions of years
46
what is the official definition of evolution—
change in the inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations
47
what is the study of evolution interested in
HOW and WHY these changes occur
48
what are 2 mechanisms that evolution can occur
natural selection and genetic drift
49
what is natural selection
non-random evolution
50
who came up with natural selection
alfred russel wallace charles darwin both independently and (almost) simultaneously came up with the theory of the evolution by natural selection, an idea that was both novel and heretical at the time
51
what was it that Darwin and Wallace put forward
evolution by natural selection
52
first insights about evolution by natural selecton came from what
1) there is phenotypic variation | 2) Variation is heritable
53
what is a phenotype
is the observable characteristics of an organism, it’s the expression of the genotype
54
what does phenotype include
it can include morphology, development, behaviour, even products of behaviour
55
what is Phenotypic variation—
means that there is variation in the observable characteristics
56
how do we know Variation is heritable
we know this because of modern genetics | darwin and wallace knew about it from dogs
57
what did thomas malthus observe
Resources grow LINEARLY | populations grow EXPONENTIALLY
58
what did malthus argue
malthus argued that without population controls (e.g. reproductive restraint) war, famine and disease would put a ceiling on population growth) this will lead to a “struggle for existence” as individuals compete for resources
59
what is the 3rd observation in evolution by natural selection
“struggle for existence” as individuals compete for resources
60
what are the 4th and 5th points observed for evolution by natural selection
4) some variants will be more successful in this struggle | 5) those individuals with such an advantage will survive (longer) and reproduce (more)
61
what do we call an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce
we call an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce its FITNESS because the variation is heritable, there will be more of those successful variants in the next generation
62
selection is acting on what
selection is acting on phenotypes, not genotypes

U0 Biology 115 (23 decks)

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