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U0 Biology 115 > 2 lecture 2 > Flashcards

2 lecture 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are The properties of water (H2O) aka hydrogen bonds

A

as a liquid, the H-bonds between H2O molecules break continuously but randomly
fluidity over a large temp range, mixes molecules for chemical reactions, moderates temperature, surface tension (cohesion)
individual water molecules are weak, many together are strong

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2
Q

ionic bonds more likely to break than covalent bonds true or false

A

true

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3
Q

polar water molecules dissolve the salt into what

A

Na+ and Cl- ions

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4
Q

what does hydrophilic mean

A

tend to “stick together” tend to like to e in an aqueous solution

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5
Q

what does hydrophobic mean

A

cannot dissolve in water does not like water

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6
Q

do Polar molecules (like H2O) tend to be hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

hydrophilic

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7
Q

what does it mean by; Polar molecules (like H2O) tend to be hydrophilic.

A

Substances that are charged/polar o[en dissolve in water due to hydrogen bonds

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8
Q

Nonpolar molecules (like CO2) are called hydrophobic or hyrophillic

A

hydrophobic

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9
Q

what does it mean by; Nonpolar molecules (like CO2) are called hydrophobic

A

because they tend to aggregate with other nonpolar molecules in water

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10
Q

what are the different types of interaction

A

1) hydrophilic interaction (attraction; polar to polar)
2) hydrophobic interaction (attraction; non-polar to non-polar)
3) repulsion

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11
Q

weak forces (collectively called Van der Waals interacTons) are very important in large what

A

molecules (proteins, lipids etc.)

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12
Q

what is an acid

A

acids release H+ ions

If the reaction (dissociation) is complete, it is a strong acid, such as HCl

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13
Q

Bases accept____ (release _____).

A

H+, OH–

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14
Q

what is pH:

A

H+ in moles* per liter

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15
Q

what is the pH range

A

pH range of 1 - 14

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16
Q

molecules interact to form what

A

larger macromolecules and cells

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17
Q

carbon is what kind of atom

A

a “Tinkertoy” atom

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18
Q

why is carbon known as a tinkertoy atom

A

incredibly flexible - used to build many types of complex macro molecules

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19
Q

many molecules are______ with repeating______

A

biological polymers, subunits

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20
Q

carbohydrates are a source of what

A

energy

example; glucose

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21
Q

polysaccharides form what

A

rigid biological structures such as hard shells of bugs

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22
Q

what is a Disaccharide

A

and of class of sugars whose molecules contain 2 monosaccharide residue

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23
Q

what is an example of a Disaccharide

A

sucrose– glucose + fructose

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24
Q

what are amino acids and polypeptides

A

the basic unit, or monomer

not typically repeating units

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25
Q

how do you form a polypeptide

A

add monomers ate the amino end to form a polypeptide

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26
Q

what makes the amino acids different than each other,

A

R

27
Q

are amino acids an acid or a base

A

amino acids are both an acid and a base

28
Q

polypeptide of three amino acids linked by what

A

polypeptide of three amino acids linked by peptide bonds

29
Q

proteins are composed of many what

A

amino acids

30
Q

for the structure of amino acids, what is the same

A

the top parts are identical

31
Q

are amino acids polar or non polar

A

there are both

32
Q

what are the key concepts to identifying non-polar amino acids (proteins)

A

amino acids have a hydrocarbon side-chain (e.g. alanine; -CH3)
exception: glycine; -H
sometimes uncharged

33
Q

what are the key concepts to identifyingpolar amino acids (proteins)

A 
have side chains with partial charge 
or
net )+) charge 
or
net (-) charge

(basically has a little + or = at the one of the bottom chains or is OH)

34
Q

a protein is a folded_____

A

polypeptide

35
Q

what is an r-group

A

side chain

36
Q

difference between a protein and a polypeptide?

A

protein— folded version of polypeptide, active

polypeptide— chain of amino acid, don’t have to be active

37
Q

the shape of the folded protein is encoded in what

A

the polypeptide sequence

38
Q

what are Lipids

A

fats
steroids
phospholipids

39
Q

what is a fat

A

a fat is a simple 3-carbon lipid

has 3 fatty acid tails and is hydrophobic

40
Q

what are phospholipids

A

a lipid containing phosphate group in its molecule

41
Q

what are the characteristics of a phospholipid

A

2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic)

charges phosphate head (hydrophilic)

42
Q

the dual properties of phospholipids allow them to form what

A

barriers

43
Q

how do that barriers formed by phospholipids work

A

tails stay in the middle and the heads are on the outside
large charged molecules can’t get through because they will encounter the tails and just wont be able together through

in an aqueous environment

dispersed among the heads and tails are proteins (as seen in this picture)
what some of these proteins do is act as channels that move things through

44
Q

the membranes of phospholipids form what kind of barriers

A

fluid, semi-permeable barriers

45
Q

what parts of the barrier are hydrophobic and what parts or hydrophillic

A

tails– hydrophobic

heads– hydrophillic

46
Q

what do steroids do

A

help to keep membrane fluid and move

47
Q

a steroid is composed of what

A

four carbon rings (6 or 5 carbons)

48
Q

what is DNA

A

Nucleic acids (DNA)

49
Q

what are the 4 bases of DNA

A

A (adenine)—
G (guanine)—
T (thymine) —
C (cytosines)—

50
Q

which bases of DNA are pyrimidines

A

T (thymine) — pyrimidines

C (cytosines)— pyrimidines

51
Q

which bases of DNA are purines

A

A (adenine)— purines

G (guanine)— purines

52
Q

what does it mean by DNA is a doble helix

A

two strands linked together

53
Q

individually, is DNA strong or weak

A

individually, the DNA is very weak, but this means for an easy replication of DNA, but together it is VERY strong

54
Q

what is The Pairing rule of DNA

A

AT
CG
purines and pyrimidines

55
Q

what is The structure of a DNA molecule

A

anti-parallel strands of repeating subunits

56
Q

what is the backbone” of DNA

A

phosphate + sugar (covalent bonds)

57
Q

are the AG and TC pairings covalent or hydrogen

A

hydrogen

58
Q

what are the 2 types of cells

A

Eukaryotic vs prokaryotic cells

59
Q

what is the cell theory

A

Cells are the smallest independent units of life
All living things are made of cells
Cells are formed by the reproduction of existing cells

60
Q

what all cells have in common

A 
a plasma membrane 
cytoplasm
DNA
RNA
proteins
ribosomes (rRNAs and proteins)
61
Q

what are the traits of prokaryotic cells

A 
are- 
generally small <1 μm
(1/10 the size of a small eukaryotic cell) no nucleus
few internal membranes
never multicellular 
cell wall made of peptidoglycan 
some are- 
aerobic (use oxygen), or anaerobic (don’t use oxygen)
62
Q

traits of eukaryotic cells

A 
are- 
larger than bacteria ~ 5-25 μm 
has a nucleus
many internal membranes
membrane-based organelles
unicellular or multicellular 
cell walls- depends on kingdom 
all are aerobic (use oxygen)
63
Q

difference between plant and animal cells

A

plant cells have a central vacuole, cell walls and chloroplast

U0 Biology 115 (23 decks)

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