3 lecture 1

Question 1

how long does it take a cell to make a peptide bond

Answer 1

about 300 msec

Question 2

what phase do cells start in

Answer 2

cell starts in g1 (gap 1/gap phase)

Question 3

what is interphase

Answer 3

g1, s, g2 is collectively called interphase

Question 4

what is the cell cycle

Answer 4

G1
S
G2
Mitosis
Cytokinesis

Question 5

what is Interphase:

Answer 5

the DNA replicates

Question 6

what is Mitosis:

Answer 6

the copied chromosomes are moved into daughter nuclei

Question 7

where does mitosis occur

Answer 7

Mitosis occurs in somatic or body cells

Question 8

what is Cytokinesis

Answer 8

the cell is split into 2 daughter cells

Question 9

most of the cell cycle is spent in what

Answer 9

interphase

Question 10

what are the 3 phases of interphase

Answer 10

G1:
S: DNA replicates
G2: cell makes proteins needed to complete mitosis

Question 11

what happens in g1

Answer 11

cell grows, organelles duplicate

Question 12

what happens in s

Answer 12

DNA replicates

Question 13

what happens in g2

Answer 13

cell makes proteins needed to complete mitosis

Question 14

what does g1 provide

Answer 14

size control

Question 15

why must growth be controlled

Answer 15

if you don’t have controlled growth in g1, it will look like this
there will be an exponential growth of cells with only a nucleus
you would expect to see (if the growth was to controlled)… she never said what actually happens so…

Question 16

Before dividing, cells must do what

Answer 16

accurately copy their DNA

Question 17

what is a gene

Answer 17

is a section of DNA that has the instructions for making a protein

Question 18

what is a chromosome

Answer 18

One molecule of DNA is wrapped around proteins to form a chromosome

Question 19

A chromosome has how many genes

Answer 19

100s - 1000s of genes

Question 20

do all species have the same number of chromosomes

Answer 20

Different species have different numbers of chromosomes

Question 21

how many chromosomes do human have

Answer 21

we have 46

Question 22

what are chromosomes before cell division

Answer 22

Chromosomes are uncondensed before cell division

Question 23

what are duplicated chromosomes

Answer 23

Duplicated chromosomes, held together at the centromere, are called sister chromatids

Question 24

how are chromosomes duplicated

Answer 24

Chromosomes are duplicated through DNA replication

Question 25

DNA molecule is split up the middle of what

Answer 25

the helix

Question 26

what are the steps to DNA replication

Answer 26

Chromosomes are uncondensed before cell division Duplicated chromosomes, held together at the centromere, are called sister chromatids Chromosomes are duplicated through DNA replication DNA molecule is split up the middle of the helix Nucleotides are added to each side, pairing by hydrogen bonding Result is two identical DNA molecules, each with one parental strand and one new strand semiconservative replication DNA pol moves along the length of the unwound DNA 
and helps form new strands from the template strands

Question 27

what is DNA polymerase:

Answer 27

is the enzyme that | replicates DNA

Question 28

DNA replication results in what

Answer 28

DNA replication results in lots of chromosomes that must be efficiently segregated into daughter cells

Question 29

Mitosis produces what

Answer 29

two genetically-identical nuclei

Question 30

Mitosis is followed by what

Answer 30

cytokinesis

Question 31

what is cytokinesis

Answer 31

splits the two nuclei into two daughter cells

Question 32

what are the 4 stages of mitosis

Answer 32

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 33

what happens in prophase

Answer 33

Chromosomes condense Nuclear envelope disappears Microtubules pull/push chromosomes Animal cells: microtubules are attached to centrosomes (which contain centrioles) centrosomes form the poles of spindle apparatus

Question 34

what happens in Metaphase

Answer 34

Chromosomes are aligned across the middle of the cell by microtubules

Question 35

what happens in Anaphase:

Answer 35

``` centromeres separate (they do not split) sister chromatids are pulled apart toward opposite poles ```

Question 36

what happens in Telophase:

Answer 36

Nuclear envelope reforms around the chromosomes | Chromosomes return to uncondensed form

Question 37

what is cytokinesis

Answer 37

Cytokinesis is the stage in which two daughter cells are formed from the original one

Question 38

what happens After cytokinesis,

Answer 38

cells re-enter interphase (G1)

Question 39

what pinches the original cell into two new cells

Answer 39

Proteins (microfilaments; actin) pinch the original cell into two new cells

Question 40

what does cytokinesis in plants start with

Answer 40

Starts with vesicles forming the cell plate

Question 41

what is the result of cytokinesis in plants

Answer 41

This results in a new cell wall (made of cellulose) being formed between the cells forming daughter cells

Question 42

what uses Asexual reproduction

Answer 42

bacteria, some eukaryotes

Question 43

what is Asexual reproduction

Answer 43

Only one parent | Offspring are genetically identical to parent

Question 44

what uses Sexual reproduction

Answer 44

animals, plants, fungi

Question 45

what is produced from sexual reproduction

Answer 45

Gametes are combined from two parents

Question 46

what are the offspring like compared to their parent in sexual reproduction

Answer 46

Offspring are genetically different from one another and from the parents