2 lecture 5 Flashcards
ATP is used for what
energy transfer
what goes on inside all cells
system of chemical reactions , called metabolism, goes on inside all cells
what is ATP
ATP is a nucleotide triphosphate
energy is transferred to molecules by transferring what to another molecule
energy is transferred to molecules by transferring the P- to another molecule* this produces ADP
what is ATP used by
an enzyme
the transfer of the P- is performed by what
an enzyme called kinase
As ATP is used what happens
As ATP is used, ADP accumulates
what is ADP
ADP is the substrate for synthesis of ATP
what is Aerobic cellular respiration
what animals use
plants use photosynthesis
Aerobic cellular respiration produces what
ATP
what does Aerobic cellular respiration require
requires the presence of oxygen
what is the process for Aerobic cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O
what does Aerobic cellular respiration provide
provides energy to synthesize ATP
how does Aerobic cellular respiration work
energy from glucose is used to synthesize ATP
what are the 3 steps of Aerobic cellular respiration and where do they occur
in the cytoplasm
1. glycolysis
in mitochondria
- citric acid cycle
- electron transport chain
what do you need to know about glycolsis
main thing to know: want to break down sugar (glucose) into 3 molecules that can be used for the next step to go into mitochondria to do TCA cycle and electron transport train while at the same time generate ATP and NADH, so you get some energy but you also produce something that will get you more energy in the mitochondria
what is NADH important for
the next set of steps
how does the citric acid cycle work
CO2 is essentially not great for your cells, need to be able to get ride of it, but how does the cell get ride of CO2? How does it get out of the mitochondria? Well a membrane surrounds the mitochondria so it just diffuses from the mitochondria to outside of the cell, the release of CO2 is a consequence of aerobic respiration
starts with pyruvic acids
(the end product of glycolysis)
series of chemical reactions catalyzed by 8 different enzymes in the mitochondrial matrix
the result is the generation of 2 ATP molecules, the release of carbon dioxide and the electron carriers: NADH & FADH2.
how does the electron transport chain work
basically transport of hydrogen ions
consequence of H ions being pumped across a membrane and greeting a gradient of H ions, you actually develop potential energy that can be used to synthesize ATP… where this GIANT enzyme uses the hydrogen ion gradient to synthesize ATP
how this works; it is very critical that once it starts, it continues. and when you see irreversible reactions, it is something that must be continued
you’ll generate 32-34 ATP molecules
occurs in the mitochondria MEMBRANE not the mitochondria matrix
H+ ions pass through protein channels called ATP synthase, generating 32 or 34 ATP molecules as they do.
At the end of the chain, the two H atoms (electrons) combine with oxygen to produce water.
H+ ions are charged, and unlikely to diffuse back across the membrane
what can proteins and fats can be used to make
proteins and fats can be used to make ATP
when carbohydrates are unavailable what can be used to provide energy
Proteins and fats can also provide energy when carbohydrates are unavailable
how can proteins and fats can be used to make ATP
They are broken down and their subunits feed into aerobic cellular respiration
what are the main points of the cellular respiration process
brief overview: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and the e- transport cycle produced ATP from ADP, and e- carriers NADH and FADH2
C6H12O6 goes into glycolysis
Aerobic respiration: water (H2O) and CO2 are produced, along with ATP
what is fermentation
ATP synthesis without oxygen
how can cells generate energy without oxygen
Cells can generate energy without oxygen through anaerobic respiration
what happens what oxygen is limited
when oxygen is limited, the NAD+ in the cytoplasm is reduced to NADH by glycolysis, but not regenerated to NAD+ by aerobic respiration, and ATP production is blocked
give an example of fermentation
example: muscle cells low in oxygen convert pyruvate to lactic acid to produce ATP and regenerate NAD+
this process is called fermentation
Bacteria in yogurt use fermentation to make what
lactic acid
do Yeast cells use fermentation even when oxygen is available
Yeast cells use fermentation— even when oxygen is available
what is glucose ->
ethanol and CO2
what is the definition of overweight
Difficult to define “overweight” precisely
why do women need more body fat
Women need more body fat to maintain fertility than men do
what are the Average healthy body fat percentages
Average healthy body fat percentages: Women: 22% and Men: 14%
what is Body Mass Index (BMI)
Body Mass Index (BMI): correlates amount of body fat with risk of illness and death, using both height and weight
what is the Healthy range of BMI
Healthy range of BMI = 20-25
what is the unhealthy range of BMI
Obesity: BMI of 30 or higher
Risk of obesity is influenced by what
Risk of obesity is influenced by both lifestyle (diet, exercise) and genetics
Obesity increases risks of
Diabetes Hypertension Heart disease Stroke Joint problems
what is Insulin
Insulin: hormone that triggers cells to take up glucose; produced by beta cells of the pancreas
what is Diabetes:
disorder of carbohydrate metabolism
what is Type 1 Diabetes
(not associated with obesity)
Usually arises in childhood
Cannot produce insulin (no beta cells)
Treated with daily insulin injections
what is Type 2 Diabetes
(associated with obesity)
Usually arises in adults
May be controlled by diet and exercise
what is blood pressure
is the force exerted on blood vessels by the flow of blood
what is Systolic:
blood pressure as the heart contracts (max)
what is Diastolic:
blood pressure while heart is relaxing (min)
what is Normal blood pressure
is ~120 systolic and 80 diastolic (120/80)
what is Hypertension:
persistently over 140/90
what is Heart attack:
a sudden loss of blood to the heart because of blocked arteries
what is Stroke:
a sudden loss of blood to the brain because of blocked arteries
what is Cholesterol:
a lipid that can build up in arteries
what are the two types of Cholesterol
Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs):
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs):
what is Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs):
distribute cholesterol throughout the body and dumps excess in the arteries
High-density lipoproteins
what is High-density lipoproteins (HDLs):
carry excess cholesterol to the liver for excretion as bile
what is Anorexia:
self -starvation
what does anorexia do to the heart
Can starve heart muscles, producing altered rhythms
what is Amenorrhea:
cessation of menstruation
what are the problems with Amenorrhea
Can be permanent and result in sterility
Increases risk of osteoporosis
what is Bulimia:
binge-eating followed by purging
Many of the same health effects as anorexia
May lead to stomach rupture
Dental and gum problems from stomach acid
Dehydration (sometimes fatal)
how is CO2 balanced in the atmosphere
animals and other organisms respire CO2; volcanoes emit CO2
water (lots!), land and plants absorb CO2
Are CO2 levels increasing
yup
why are leaves green
white light has many colours in it, leaves are green because they select green wave lengths
photosynthesis is tunes to accept wavelengths that are higher energy (green)
what wavelengths are absorbed more than reflected
wavelengths 400 - 530 (near UV and blue) and 630-700 (yellow-orange) are absorbed more than they are reflected
what wavelengths are reflected more than absorbed
wavelengths 530 - 630 (green) are reflected more than they are absorbed
how does photosynthesis work
thylakoids are like the mitochondria in shape and that is because they have more surface area… thesis here light energy comes in a reaction take place… radiant energy is covered to other energy
how does this relate to the transport chain?
how does this relate to the transport chain? in common: chlorophyl absorbs light, emits e-, add water and you end up with O and protons, have same kind of gradient and diffusion
chlorophyll is the big difference…
what does chlorophyll do
chlorophyll accepts the energy in photons, and instead of releasing it as heat, emits an electron
what are the key things about aerobic respiration
light independent
starts with C6H12O6
O2 is a reactant
H2O,CO2* are products
what are the key things about photosynthesis
chlorophyll 𝜆 → e- light dependent
ends with C6H12O6
O2 is a product
H2O,CO2 are reactants
what do they have in common (aerobic respiration and photosynthesis)
3-carbon intermediates
ATP synthase, H+ pumps
ATP, ADP electron carriers
involves cute endosymbiotic things
chlorophyll accepts the gradient energy of photons, which is transferred to chemical energy by emitting an e-
which type of photon 𝜆nm is more likely to produce and e-?
580
420
600
420
