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U0 Biology 115 > 2 lecture 5 > Flashcards

2 lecture 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

ATP is used for what

A

energy transfer

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2
Q

what goes on inside all cells

A

system of chemical reactions , called metabolism, goes on inside all cells

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3
Q

what is ATP

A

ATP is a nucleotide triphosphate

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4
Q

energy is transferred to molecules by transferring what to another molecule

A

energy is transferred to molecules by transferring the P- to another molecule* this produces ADP

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5
Q

what is ATP used by

A

an enzyme

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6
Q

the transfer of the P- is performed by what

A

an enzyme called kinase

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7
Q

As ATP is used what happens

A

As ATP is used, ADP accumulates

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8
Q

what is ADP

A

ADP is the substrate for synthesis of ATP

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9
Q

what is Aerobic cellular respiration

A

what animals use

plants use photosynthesis

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10
Q

Aerobic cellular respiration produces what

A

ATP

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11
Q

what does Aerobic cellular respiration require

A

requires the presence of oxygen

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12
Q

what is the process for Aerobic cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O

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13
Q

what does Aerobic cellular respiration provide

A

provides energy to synthesize ATP

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14
Q

how does Aerobic cellular respiration work

A

energy from glucose is used to synthesize ATP

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15
Q

what are the 3 steps of Aerobic cellular respiration and where do they occur

A

in the cytoplasm
1. glycolysis

in mitochondria

  1. citric acid cycle
  2. electron transport chain
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16
Q

what do you need to know about glycolsis

A

main thing to know: want to break down sugar (glucose) into 3 molecules that can be used for the next step to go into mitochondria to do TCA cycle and electron transport train while at the same time generate ATP and NADH, so you get some energy but you also produce something that will get you more energy in the mitochondria

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17
Q

what is NADH important for

A

the next set of steps

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18
Q

how does the citric acid cycle work

A

CO2 is essentially not great for your cells, need to be able to get ride of it, but how does the cell get ride of CO2? How does it get out of the mitochondria? Well a membrane surrounds the mitochondria so it just diffuses from the mitochondria to outside of the cell, the release of CO2 is a consequence of aerobic respiration

starts with pyruvic acids
(the end product of glycolysis)
series of chemical reactions catalyzed by 8 different enzymes in the mitochondrial matrix
the result is the generation of 2 ATP molecules, the release of carbon dioxide and the electron carriers: NADH & FADH2.

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19
Q

how does the electron transport chain work

A

basically transport of hydrogen ions

consequence of H ions being pumped across a membrane and greeting a gradient of H ions, you actually develop potential energy that can be used to synthesize ATP… where this GIANT enzyme uses the hydrogen ion gradient to synthesize ATP
how this works; it is very critical that once it starts, it continues. and when you see irreversible reactions, it is something that must be continued
you’ll generate 32-34 ATP molecules

occurs in the mitochondria MEMBRANE not the mitochondria matrix

H+ ions pass through protein channels called ATP synthase, generating 32 or 34 ATP molecules as they do.
At the end of the chain, the two H atoms (electrons) combine with oxygen to produce water.
H+ ions are charged, and unlikely to diffuse back across the membrane

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20
Q

what can proteins and fats can be used to make

A

proteins and fats can be used to make ATP

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21
Q

when carbohydrates are unavailable what can be used to provide energy

A

Proteins and fats can also provide energy when carbohydrates are unavailable

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22
Q

how can proteins and fats can be used to make ATP

A

They are broken down and their subunits feed into aerobic cellular respiration

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23
Q

what are the main points of the cellular respiration process

A

brief overview: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and the e- transport cycle produced ATP from ADP, and e- carriers NADH and FADH2
C6H12O6 goes into glycolysis
Aerobic respiration: water (H2O) and CO2 are produced, along with ATP

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24
Q

what is fermentation

A

ATP synthesis without oxygen

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25
Q

how can cells generate energy without oxygen

A

Cells can generate energy without oxygen through anaerobic respiration

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26
Q

what happens what oxygen is limited

A

when oxygen is limited, the NAD+ in the cytoplasm is reduced to NADH by glycolysis, but not regenerated to NAD+ by aerobic respiration, and ATP production is blocked

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27
Q

give an example of fermentation

A

example: muscle cells low in oxygen convert pyruvate to lactic acid to produce ATP and regenerate NAD+
this process is called fermentation

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28
Q

Bacteria in yogurt use fermentation to make what

A

lactic acid

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29
Q

do Yeast cells use fermentation even when oxygen is available

A

Yeast cells use fermentation— even when oxygen is available

30
Q

what is glucose ->

A

ethanol and CO2

31
Q

what is the definition of overweight

A

Difficult to define “overweight” precisely

32
Q

why do women need more body fat

A

Women need more body fat to maintain fertility than men do

33
Q

what are the Average healthy body fat percentages

A

Average healthy body fat percentages: Women: 22% and Men: 14%

34
Q

what is Body Mass Index (BMI)

A

Body Mass Index (BMI): correlates amount of body fat with risk of illness and death, using both height and weight

35
Q

what is the Healthy range of BMI

A

Healthy range of BMI = 20-25

36
Q

what is the unhealthy range of BMI

A

Obesity: BMI of 30 or higher

37
Q

Risk of obesity is influenced by what

A

Risk of obesity is influenced by both lifestyle (diet, exercise) and genetics

38
Q

Obesity increases risks of

A 
Diabetes 
Hypertension 
Heart disease 
Stroke 
Joint problems
39
Q

what is Insulin

A

Insulin: hormone that triggers cells to take up glucose; produced by beta cells of the pancreas

40
Q

what is Diabetes:

A

disorder of carbohydrate metabolism

41
Q

what is Type 1 Diabetes

A

(not associated with obesity)
Usually arises in childhood
Cannot produce insulin (no beta cells)
Treated with daily insulin injections

42
Q

what is Type 2 Diabetes

A

(associated with obesity)
Usually arises in adults
May be controlled by diet and exercise

43
Q

what is blood pressure

A

is the force exerted on blood vessels by the flow of blood

44
Q

what is Systolic:

A

blood pressure as the heart contracts (max)

45
Q

what is Diastolic:

A

blood pressure while heart is relaxing (min)

46
Q

what is Normal blood pressure

A

is 
~120 systolic and 80 diastolic (120/80)

47
Q

what is Hypertension:

A

persistently over 140/90

48
Q

what is Heart attack:

A

a sudden loss of blood to the heart because of blocked arteries

49
Q

what is Stroke:

A

a sudden loss of blood to the brain because of blocked arteries

50
Q

what is Cholesterol:

A

a lipid that can build up in arteries

51
Q

what are the two types of Cholesterol

A

Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs):

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs):

52
Q

what is Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs):

A

distribute cholesterol throughout the body and dumps excess in the arteries
High-density lipoproteins

53
Q

what is High-density lipoproteins (HDLs):

A

carry excess cholesterol to the liver for excretion as bile

54
Q

what is Anorexia:

A

self -starvation

55
Q

what does anorexia do to the heart

A

Can starve heart muscles, producing altered rhythms

56
Q

what is Amenorrhea:

A

cessation of menstruation

57
Q

what are the problems with Amenorrhea

A

Can be permanent and result in sterility

Increases risk of osteoporosis

58
Q

what is Bulimia:

A

binge-eating followed by purging
Many of the same health effects as anorexia
May lead to stomach rupture
Dental and gum problems from stomach acid
Dehydration (sometimes fatal)

59
Q

how is CO2 balanced in the atmosphere

A

animals and other organisms respire CO2; volcanoes emit CO2

water (lots!), land and plants absorb CO2

60
Q

Are CO2 levels increasing

A

yup

61
Q

why are leaves green

A

white light has many colours in it, leaves are green because they select green wave lengths

photosynthesis is tunes to accept wavelengths that are higher energy (green)

62
Q

what wavelengths are absorbed more than reflected

A

wavelengths 400 - 530 (near UV and blue) and 630-700 (yellow-orange) are absorbed more than they are reflected

63
Q

what wavelengths are reflected more than absorbed

A

wavelengths 530 - 630 (green) are reflected more than they are absorbed

64
Q

how does photosynthesis work

A

thylakoids are like the mitochondria in shape and that is because they have more surface area… thesis here light energy comes in a reaction take place… radiant energy is covered to other energy

65
Q

how does this relate to the transport chain?

A

how does this relate to the transport chain? in common: chlorophyl absorbs light, emits e-, add water and you end up with O and protons, have same kind of gradient and diffusion
chlorophyll is the big difference…

66
Q

what does chlorophyll do

A

chlorophyll accepts the energy in photons, and instead of releasing it as heat, emits an electron

67
Q

what are the key things about aerobic respiration

A

light independent
starts with C6H12O6
O2 is a reactant
H2O,CO2* are products

68
Q

what are the key things about photosynthesis

A

chlorophyll 𝜆 → e- light dependent
ends with C6H12O6
O2 is a product
H2O,CO2 are reactants

69
Q

what do they have in common (aerobic respiration and photosynthesis)

A

3-carbon intermediates
ATP synthase, H+ pumps
ATP, ADP electron carriers
involves cute endosymbiotic things

70
Q

chlorophyll accepts the gradient energy of photons, which is transferred to chemical energy by emitting an e-
which type of photon 𝜆nm is more likely to produce and e-?

580
420
600

A

420

U0 Biology 115 (23 decks)

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