2 lecture 5 Flashcards by Olivia Stibbe

ATP is used for what

energy transfer

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what goes on inside all cells

system of chemical reactions , called metabolism, goes on inside all cells

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what is ATP

ATP is a nucleotide triphosphate

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energy is transferred to molecules by transferring what to another molecule

energy is transferred to molecules by transferring the P- to another molecule* this produces ADP

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what is ATP used by

an enzyme

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the transfer of the P- is performed by what

an enzyme called kinase

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As ATP is used what happens

As ATP is used, ADP accumulates

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what is ADP

ADP is the substrate for synthesis of ATP

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what is Aerobic cellular respiration

what animals use

plants use photosynthesis

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Aerobic cellular respiration produces what

ATP

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what does Aerobic cellular respiration require

requires the presence of oxygen

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what is the process for Aerobic cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O

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what does Aerobic cellular respiration provide

provides energy to synthesize ATP

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how does Aerobic cellular respiration work

energy from glucose is used to synthesize ATP

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what are the 3 steps of Aerobic cellular respiration and where do they occur

in the cytoplasm
1. glycolysis

in mitochondria

citric acid cycle
electron transport chain

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what do you need to know about glycolsis

main thing to know: want to break down sugar (glucose) into 3 molecules that can be used for the next step to go into mitochondria to do TCA cycle and electron transport train while at the same time generate ATP and NADH, so you get some energy but you also produce something that will get you more energy in the mitochondria

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what is NADH important for

the next set of steps

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how does the citric acid cycle work

CO2 is essentially not great for your cells, need to be able to get ride of it, but how does the cell get ride of CO2? How does it get out of the mitochondria? Well a membrane surrounds the mitochondria so it just diffuses from the mitochondria to outside of the cell, the release of CO2 is a consequence of aerobic respiration

starts with pyruvic acids (the end product of glycolysis)
series of chemical reactions catalyzed by 8 different enzymes in the mitochondrial matrix
the result is the generation of 2 ATP molecules, the release of carbon dioxide and the electron carriers: NADH & FADH2.

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how does the electron transport chain work

basically transport of hydrogen ions

consequence of H ions being pumped across a membrane and greeting a gradient of H ions, you actually develop potential energy that can be used to synthesize ATP… where this GIANT enzyme uses the hydrogen ion gradient to synthesize ATP
how this works; it is very critical that once it starts, it continues. and when you see irreversible reactions, it is something that must be continued
you’ll generate 32-34 ATP molecules

occurs in the mitochondria MEMBRANE not the mitochondria matrix

H+ ions pass through protein channels called ATP synthase, generating 32 or 34 ATP molecules as they do.
At the end of the chain, the two H atoms (electrons) combine with oxygen to produce water.
H+ ions are charged, and unlikely to diffuse back across the membrane

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what can proteins and fats can be used to make

proteins and fats can be used to make ATP

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when carbohydrates are unavailable what can be used to provide energy

Proteins and fats can also provide energy when carbohydrates are unavailable

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how can proteins and fats can be used to make ATP

They are broken down and their subunits feed into aerobic cellular respiration

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what are the main points of the cellular respiration process

brief overview: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and the e- transport cycle produced ATP from ADP, and e- carriers NADH and FADH2
C6H12O6 goes into glycolysis
Aerobic respiration: water (H2O) and CO2 are produced, along with ATP

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what is fermentation

ATP synthesis without oxygen

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how can cells generate energy without oxygen

Cells can generate energy without oxygen through anaerobic respiration

what happens what oxygen is limited

when oxygen is limited, the NAD+ in the cytoplasm is reduced to NADH by glycolysis, but not regenerated to NAD+ by aerobic respiration, and ATP production is blocked

give an example of fermentation

example: muscle cells low in oxygen convert pyruvate to lactic acid to produce ATP and regenerate NAD+ this process is called fermentation

Bacteria in yogurt use fermentation to make what

lactic acid

do Yeast cells use fermentation even when oxygen is available

Yeast cells use fermentation— even when oxygen is available

what is glucose ->

ethanol and CO2

what is the definition of overweight

Difficult to define “overweight” precisely

why do women need more body fat

Women need more body fat to maintain fertility than men do

what are the Average healthy body fat percentages

Average healthy body fat percentages: Women: 22% and Men: 14%

what is Body Mass Index (BMI)

Body Mass Index (BMI): correlates amount of body fat with risk of illness and death, using both height and weight

what is the Healthy range of BMI

Healthy range of BMI = 20-25

what is the unhealthy range of BMI

Obesity: BMI of 30 or higher

Risk of obesity is influenced by what

Risk of obesity is influenced by both lifestyle (diet, exercise) and genetics

Obesity increases risks of

``` Diabetes Hypertension Heart disease Stroke Joint problems ```

what is Insulin

Insulin: hormone that triggers cells to take up glucose; produced by beta cells of the pancreas

what is Diabetes:

disorder of carbohydrate metabolism

what is Type 1 Diabetes

(not associated with obesity) Usually arises in childhood Cannot produce insulin (no beta cells) Treated with daily insulin injections

what is Type 2 Diabetes

(associated with obesity) Usually arises in adults May be controlled by diet and exercise

what is blood pressure

is the force exerted on blood vessels by the flow of blood

what is Systolic:

blood pressure as the heart contracts (max)

what is Diastolic:

blood pressure while heart is relaxing (min)

what is Normal blood pressure

is  ~120 systolic and 80 diastolic (120/80)

what is Hypertension:

persistently over 140/90

what is Heart attack:

a sudden loss of blood to the heart because of blocked arteries

what is Stroke:

a sudden loss of blood to the brain because of blocked arteries

what is Cholesterol:

a lipid that can build up in arteries

what are the two types of Cholesterol

Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs): | High-density lipoproteins (HDLs):

what is Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs):

distribute cholesterol throughout the body and dumps excess in the arteries High-density lipoproteins

what is High-density lipoproteins (HDLs):

carry excess cholesterol to the liver for excretion as bile

what is Anorexia:

self -starvation

what does anorexia do to the heart

Can starve heart muscles, producing altered rhythms

what is Amenorrhea:

cessation of menstruation

what are the problems with Amenorrhea

Can be permanent and result in sterility | Increases risk of osteoporosis

what is Bulimia:

binge-eating followed by purging Many of the same health effects as anorexia May lead to stomach rupture Dental and gum problems from stomach acid Dehydration (sometimes fatal)

how is CO2 balanced in the atmosphere

animals and other organisms respire CO2; volcanoes emit CO2 | water (lots!), land and plants absorb CO2

Are CO2 levels increasing

yup

why are leaves green

white light has many colours in it, leaves are green because they select green wave lengths photosynthesis is tunes to accept wavelengths that are higher energy (green)

what wavelengths are absorbed more than reflected

wavelengths 400 - 530 (near UV and blue) and 630-700 (yellow-orange) are absorbed more than they are reflected

what wavelengths are reflected more than absorbed

wavelengths 530 - 630 (green) are reflected more than they are absorbed

how does photosynthesis work

thylakoids are like the mitochondria in shape and that is because they have more surface area… thesis here light energy comes in a reaction take place… radiant energy is covered to other energy

how does this relate to the transport chain?

how does this relate to the transport chain? in common: chlorophyl absorbs light, emits e-, add water and you end up with O and protons, have same kind of gradient and diffusion chlorophyll is the big difference…

what does chlorophyll do

chlorophyll accepts the energy in photons, and instead of releasing it as heat, emits an electron

what are the key things about aerobic respiration

light independent starts with C6H12O6 O2 is a reactant H2O,CO2* are products

what are the key things about photosynthesis

chlorophyll 𝜆 → e- light dependent ends with C6H12O6 O2 is a product H2O,CO2 are reactants

what do they have in common (aerobic respiration and photosynthesis)

3-carbon intermediates ATP synthase, H+ pumps ATP, ADP electron carriers involves cute endosymbiotic things

chlorophyll accepts the gradient energy of photons, which is transferred to chemical energy by emitting an e- which type of photon 𝜆nm is more likely to produce and e-? 580 420 600

420