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U0 Biology 115 > 2 lecture 6 > Flashcards

2 lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

recall the structure of DNA

A

Double-stranded

Each nucleotide composed of deoxyribose, phosphate, and nitrogenous base

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2
Q

what are the bases of DNA

A

4 bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

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3
Q

what is the structure of RNA

A

Single-stranded

Nucleotides comprised of ribose, phosphate, and nitrogenous base

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4
Q

What are the bases of RNA

A

4 bases: A, C, G, and U (uracil)

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5
Q

what do genes do

A

encode proteins

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6
Q

what is a gene

A

is a sequence of DNA that contains information to make a protein

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7
Q

what does DNA do

A

the DNA stores information required to make every protein in the cell

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8
Q

what does a messenger RNA (mRNA) do

A

a messenger RNA (mRNA) extracts this information (from the DNA) and delivers it to a ribosome

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9
Q

What does the ribosome do

A

the ribosome “translates” the mRNA code into a sequence of amino acids

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10
Q

what is the process to encode proteins

A

the DNA stores information required to make every protein in the cell
a messenger RNA (mRNA) extracts this information and delivers it to a ribosome
the ribosome “translates” the mRNA code into a sequence of amino acids

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11
Q

what is The flow of genetic information

A

DNA → RNA → protein

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12
Q

how does the flow of genetic information occur

A

in 2 steps

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13
Q

what are the steps of The flow of genetic information

A

Transcription

Translation

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14
Q

what is transcription

A

(DNA → RNA)

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15
Q

what is translation

A

(RNA → Protein)

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16
Q

what is coded information is used for

A

coded information is used for protein synthesis

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17
Q

what is always true about the coding strand of DNA

A

coding strand is always 5 prime, 3 prime

an the opposite complimentary strand is 3 prime, to 5 prime

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18
Q

what is the start code for gene structure

A

ATG

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19
Q

what is the stop code for gene structure

A

TAA

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20
Q

whites the mRNA start code for genes structure

A

AUG

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21
Q

what is the mRNA stop code for gene structure

A

UAA

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22
Q

does transcription occur n bacteria?

A

yes

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23
Q

does it occur in the nucleus?

A

No— bacteria do not have a nucleus

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24
Q

where does Transcription occur

A

in the nucleus

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25
is there an exception to where Transcription occurs
yes, it is only in the nucleus in eukaryotic cells
26
how does the RNA polymerase know where to to start
the promoter region-- thats how it knows where to start, then it zips down the DNA between the start and end code matches the complimentary DNA to the RNA it knows the difference between different edna sequences it will open up the hydrogen bonds so it can read off of a single coding strand instead of 2
27
how does RNA polymerase work
RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of the gene RNA polymerase zips down the length of gene, matching RNA nucleotides with complementary DNA nucleotides this forms messenger RNA (mRNA
28
where does translation occur
translation occurs in the cytoplasm
29
what does translation require
translation requires: mRNA (made during transcription), amino acids (20 different types) transfer RNAs (tRNAs, for each amino acid) energy (ATP) to bond an amino acid to a tRNA ribosomes
30
what is The ribosome is composed of
The ribosome is composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA has a small and a large subunit that must work together to build a polypeptide
31
how does the Transfer RNA work
Transfer RNA: tRNA carries amino acids and matches its anticodon with codons on mRNA
32
how long are codons
Codons are 3 nucleotides long
33
how is a protein put together
A protein is put together one amino acid at a time
34
how does translation work
A protein is put together one amino acid at a time the ribosome attaches to the mRNA at the promoter region (before AUG) the ribosome facilitates the docking of tRNA anticodons to mRNA codons. when two tRNAs are adjacent, a peptidyl bond is formed between the amino acids. and a chain of amino acids is formed (polypeptide)
35
how does the genetic code work
is based in codons | no ambiguity: this means the sequence of codons can be used to predict the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide..
36
each codon is paired with what
each codon to specifies an amino acid
37
a codon is comprised of what
a codon is comprised of three nucleotides = 64 possible combinations (43 combinations)
38
how many codons are there
61 codons for amino acids
39
what about the remaining 3 codons?
3 others are stop codons (UAG, UAA, UGA) which end protein synthesis
40
the genetic code is redundant | true or false
true
41
why is the genetic code redundant
``` multiple codons = one amino acid e.g. CUU CUC CUA CUG all of these are leu still, the only difference int he last letter but it doesn't make a big difference at all ```
42
what is the exception to the "genetic code is redundant"
AUG
43
can the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide be used to predict the DNA sequence
apart from Met, the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide CAN NOT be used to predict the DNA sequence
44
why is the code redundant
when these 2 molecules come together, it is very hard for them (energetically) to come together perfectly— because the process has to be fast and accurate, this third codon has been found to be dispensable for binding but very important to remain bound
45
is the genetic code generally universal
yes
46
what does it mean by the genetic code generally universal
this means similar DNA sequences = similar proteins | across many different organisms
47
what are mutations
Changes in genetic sequence = mutations
48
Changes in genetic sequence might do what
Changes in genetic sequence might affect the order of amino acids in a protein
49
what is Protein function dependant on
Protein function is dependent on the precise order of amino acids
50
what are the Possible outcomes of mutation
1 - no change in protein 2 - non-functional protein 3 - different protein
51
what is a Neutral mutation
mutation does not change the sequence of the protein, new codon = the same amino acid example: the 3rd base in codon can vary for the same amino acid
52
what is a Base-substitution mutation
Substitution of one base for another can change codon; polypeptide sequence; and protein function
53
what is a frameshift mutation
Addition or deletion of a base, which changes the reading frame (sequence of codons) incomplete or different protein
54
which cells in the human body have the same dna
each cell in your body (except sperm and egg cells) has the same DNA but each cell only expresses a small percentage of all its genes example: nerve and muscle cells perform very different functions, thus they use different genes
55
what is regulating gene expression
turning a gene or a set of genes on or off = regulating gene expression
56
how do cells "hit the off switch"
cells use repressors to regulate gene expression | repressors bind to the promoter and prevent the RNA polymerase from binding
57
how do cells "hit the on switch"
cells use activators to regulate gene expression | activators help the RNA polymerase bind to the promoter
58
how does Regulation by chromosome condensation occur
Folding up of the chromosomes prevents transcription
59
how does Regulation by mRNA degradation | occur
Nucleases cut mRNA
60
how does Regulation of Translation | occur
Slowing of binding of the mRNA to the ribosome
61
how does Regulation of Protein Degradation | occur
Proteases degrade proteins

U0 Biology 115 (23 decks)

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