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U0 Biology 115 > 3 lecture 2 > Flashcards

3 lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

do cells make mistakes

A

yep

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2
Q

what is an example of a mistake a cell makes

A

lagging chromosomes

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3
Q

why do chromosomes lag behind

A

some just take longer than others to separate

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4
Q

what is a euploid cell

A

have correct number of chromosomes

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5
Q

do lagging chromosomes cause problems

A

they can

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6
Q

how do lagging chromosomes cause problems

A

the lagging chromosome will be trapped in the spindles mid zone during anaphase
the trapped chromosome will be trapped and damaged in the process of the cell splitting

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7
Q

is it quick to fix mistakes int he cell

A

nope

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8
Q

is cell division a controlled process

A

Cell division is a tightly controlled process

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9
Q

what ensures that there are no mistakes in a cell

A

Proteins survey the condition of the cell at each step

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10
Q

If a mistake is detected, what happens

A

normal cells halt at checkpoints and make repairs

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11
Q

what must happen in order for cells to proceed with division

A

Cell must pass the survey to proceed with cell division

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12
Q

what are the 3 major checkpoints

A

3 major checkpoints: G1,G2, and metaphase

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13
Q

do the checkpoints have a fixed amount of time that they go on for

A

checkpoints monitor the processes and impose a delay as needed

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14
Q

what is checked in the g1 checkpoint

A

is cell division necessary
are growth factors present
is the cell large enough
are suficient nutrients available

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15
Q

what is checked in the s checkpoint

A

nothing really

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16
Q

what is checked in the g2 checkpoint

A

what DNA replicated correctly

is the cell large enough

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17
Q

what is checked in the metaphase checkpoint

A

are all the chromosomes attached to microtubules

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18
Q

what happens if the daughter cells are not the exact same size

A

daughter cells may not be exactly the same size, so the smaller one will take longer to reach the cell size threshold and and will be in G1 phase for longer

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19
Q

what does Mitosis do

A

produces two genetically-identical nuclei

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20
Q

what happens if even one chromosome is wrong

A

chromosome attachment is monitored if even one is wrong, anaphase is delayed

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21
Q

can mistakes happen in healthy cells

A

yep

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22
Q

what is disease, if mistakes also happen in healthy cells

A

it is the failure to detect and correct mistakes that lead to disease

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23
Q

what are the 2 origins of cancer

A

oncogenes

tumour suppressors

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24
Q

what is oncogene

A

losing control

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25
what are tumour suppressors
losing a checkpoint
26
cancer is the result of what
defects in checkpoint or repair systems
27
what typically are the ones that turn into oncogenes
growth factors
28
what are growth factors
stimulate cells to divide
29
how do growth factors work
Growth factors bind to receptors to trigger a response from a cell
30
what is a Mutation:
a change in the sequence of DNA
31
Changes to DNA can change what
Changes to DNA can change the structure and function of the protein coded by the DNA
32
what causes mutations
Mutations may be inherited or caused by carcinogens
33
what are Proto-oncogenes
genes that code for cell cycle control proteins
34
what happens When proto-oncogenes mutate
When proto-oncogenes mutate, they become oncogenes Their proteins no longer properly regulate cell division They usually overstimulate cell division
35
what are the 3 paths to cancer (oncogenes)
1-- translocation or transportation: gene move to new locus, under new controls... this leads to normal growth-stimulating protein in excess 2-- gene amplification: multiple copies of the genes.... normal growth-stimulating protein in excess 3-- point mutation within the gene: oncogene: hyperactive or degradation-resistant protein: excess growth
36
what are Tumor suppressor genes:
genes for proteins that stop cell division if conditions are not favorable
37
what happens when Tumor suppressor genes are mutated
When mutated, can allow cells to override checkpoints
38
what happens when oncogene and tumour suppressor mutations occur
= bad Depending on the number of mutations and whether the tumor suppressor protein is functional will determine whether it is a benign or malignant tumor that is formed
39
what is the Multiple hit model
process of cancer development requires multiple mutations
40
what is the 2 hit hypothesis
Some mutations may be inherited (familial risk) | Most are probably acquired during a person’s lifetime
41
progression from a benign tumor to cancer requires many mutations and results in what
a constellation of defects
42
what are the 2 types of results that can happen from mutation (on a cellular function level)
Loss of contact inhibition: | Loss of anchorage dependence:
43
what is Loss of contact inhibition
cells will now pile up on each other
44
what is Loss of anchorage dependence
enables a cancer cell to move to another location
45
is Loss of contact inhibition definitely cancerous
can be part of benign
46
is Loss of anchorage dependence definitely cancerous
big indicator of cancerous
47
what is Immortalized:
cells no longer have a fixed number of cell divisions due to an enzyme called telomerase
48
what is the difference between malignant and benign tumours
malignant-- (cancer) cells invade neighbouring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sites benign-- (not cancer) tumour cells grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis
49
give a detailed process of metastasis
``` primary tumour vascularization detachment intravasion circulating tumour cell adhesion to blood vessel wall extravasation growth of secondary tumour ```
50
animal cells need what to divide
telomeres
51
what is the the relationship between telomere length and age
the relationship between telomere length and age is not understood
52
Early detection increases odds of survival true or false
true
53
is there just one way to detect cancer
There are different detection methods for different cancers
54
what is a Biomarker
Some cancers produce increased amount of a characteristic protein (non-functional or altered)
55
what is Biopsy
surgical removal of cells or fluid for analysis
56
what are the ways to detect cancer
Biomarker | biopsy
57
what are the types of biopsyq
Needle biopsy: | Laparascope:
58
what is Needle biopsy:
removal is made using a needle
59
what is Laparascope:
surgical instrument with a light, camera, and small scalpel
60
what are the types of cancer treatment
Chemotherapy: | Radiation therapy:
61
what is chemotherapy
drugs that selectively kill dividing cells Combination of different drugs used (“cocktail”) Interrupt cell division in different ways Helps prevent resistance to the drugs from arising Normal dividing cells are also killed (hair follicles, bone marrow, stomach lining)
62
what is radiation
use of high-energy particles to destroy cancer cells Damages their DNA so they can’t continue to divide or grow Usually used on cancers close to the surface Typically performed after surgical removal of tumor
63
If a person remains cancer free after treatment for 5 years they are in remission and after 10 years they are considered to be cured true or false
true
64
how tough is a tardigrade
the water bear is almost impossible to kill when dehydrated can go more than than 10 years without food or water; when hydrated it:
can survive unprotected in space; extreme temperatures
• A few minutes at 151 °C (304 °F)
• A few days at −200 °C (−328 °F)
• A few minutes at −272 °C (~1 K, −458 °F) can withstand vaccum and high pressure (>1,200 x); can survive ionizing and UV radiation that would kill a human
65
why are they so tough (the tardigrade)
its complicated... extra copies of genes required to repair DNA loss of genes that stimulate autophagy in the presence of stress tardigrade-specific genes that protect DNA (Dsup) many tardigrade genes function still unknown

U0 Biology 115 (23 decks)

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