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U0 Biology 115 > 3 lecture 4 > Flashcards

3 lecture 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is an embryo

A

a fertilized egg is a one cell embryo

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2
Q

how many types of cells can an embryo generate

A

this cell has the capacity to generate >200 types of cells in the human body

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3
Q

what are the potential to forms that an embryo may develop into

A

totipotent (fertilized egg)
pluripotent (embryonic cell)
unipotent (adult cell)

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4
Q

what is totipotent (fertilized egg)

A

able to differentiate into any cell type

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5
Q

what is pluripotent (embryonic cell)

A

can form many types of cells within the same lineage

means that you can make similar types of cells
e.g. your skin is actually composed of many types of cells, but they all have a common cell they divide from

the ultimate stem cell is the first cell of an embryo

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6
Q

what is unipotent (adult cell)

A

can divide to produce more skin cells

not stem cells…

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7
Q

what is The flow of genetic information

A

DNA → RNA → protein

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8
Q

in how many steps does the information flow happen

A

occurs in 2 steps: Transcription

Translation

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9
Q

what is Transcription

A

(DNA → RNA)

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10
Q

what is Translation

A

(RNA → Protein)

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11
Q

what is meant by “you are the sum of your parts, more or less”

A

each cell in your body (except sperm and egg cells) has the same DNA
but each cell only expresses a small percentage of all its genes
example: nerve and muscle cells perform very different functions, thus they use different genes.
turning a gene (or a set of genes) on or off = regulating gene expression

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12
Q

why do repressors bind to the promoter

A

prevent the RNA polymerase from binding

this is essentially “hitting the OFF switch” (to stop/refrain traits from coming)

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13
Q

what do activators do

A

activators help the RNA polymerase bind to the promoter

this is basically “hitting the ON switch” (to “get” the traits needed)

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14
Q

DNA, RNA and protein can be measured but to evaluate expression, what is often used

A

RNA

measuring mRNA is the best way to measure the expressed proteins
you can dye the mRNA and track it

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15
Q

what is A heat map

A

is a graphical representation of data where the individual values contained in a matrix are represented as colors (e.g. green/red)

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16
Q

what do heat maps do

A

heat maps aid in comparison of very complex data (many genes/mRNAs, many conditions)

in general, a heat map displays relative abundance
colours are arbitrary, e.g. red can be high or low, colours can be yellow/blue
black can mean the value is near/at the mean for all conditions

17
Q

different genes are turned on or off as a cell gains what

A

“identity”

18
Q

If it is anything other than a one-cell embryo, what type of cell is it

A

the answer is NOT totipotent (if this was asked on a test)

19
Q

how does cell potential relate to cell identity

A

potential decreases as identity increases

20
Q

what is the potential and identity of totipotent

A

high potential, low identity

able to express genes needed for any cell type

21
Q

what is the potential and identity of pluripotent

A

low potential, high identity

can form similar types of cells

22
Q

what is the potential and identity of unipotent

A

can divide to produce more of the same type of cells

23
Q

pluripotent cell has 2 fates, what are they

A

renewal (as a pluripotent) and committed (when it has an identity)

24
Q

what does ICM stand for

A

Inner Cell Mass

25
Q

what is ICM

A

ICM forms all the cells of you trophoblast forms the placenta

26
Q

what are the 4 types of cells

A

endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm
germ cells

27
Q

what is endoderm

A

liver cells
pancreatic cells
alveolar cells

28
Q

what is mesoderm

A

cardiac muscle
skeletal muscle
smooth muscle
red blood cells

29
Q

what is ectoderm

A

skin cells

nervous system

30
Q

what is germ cells

A

egg

sperm

31
Q

what are adult stem cells

A

tissue specific
hematopoietic stem cells (blood cells)
epithelial and epidermal stem cells (skin)

32
Q

what is the purpose of regenerative research/stem cell research

A

identify drug targets and test potential therapeutics
study differentiation
understanding prevention and treatment of birth defects

U0 Biology 115 (23 decks)

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