lecture 2

Question 1

what is the function of the deep fascia

Answer 1

divide the lower limb into muscle compartments and hold them together to increase venous return

Question 2

what can the superficial fascia also be called

Answer 2

the hypodermis due to its high adipose content

Question 3

what is the deep fascia of the thigh called

Answer 3

the fascia lata

Question 4

whats the thickened lateral part of the fascia lata

Answer 4

this is the iliotibial band

Question 5

what are the muscle compartments of the thigh and what are they separated by

Answer 5

anterior, medial and lateral compartments
medial intermuscular septum septum separates the medial and anterior compartment.
the lateral intermuscular septum separates the posterior and anterior compartment
these septums are extensions of the deep fascia

Question 6

whats the linear aspera

Answer 6

its the pointy bit on the femur and it points to the posterior compartment of the thigh.

Question 7

whats the deep fascia thickening called in the leg and the foot

Answer 7

on the leg its the Crural fascia on the foot its the retinaculum

Question 8

what does the retinaculum do on the foot

Answer 8

these hold/stabilise the tendons of the foot in place and they aid in smooth movement of the tendons

Question 9

what are the retinaculum of the foot and where are they

Answer 9

on the dorsum of the foot we have the Superior and inferior extensor retinaculum
on the lateral side we have the inferior and superior fibular retinaculum
medially we have the flexor retinaculum

Question 10

what are the compartments of the leg and what separates them

Answer 10

anterior, posterior and lateral
anterior intermuscular septum separates the anterior from the lateral
the posterior intermuscular septum separates the lateral from the posterior
the interosseous membrane separates the anterior and posterior compartment

Question 11

what muscles help hip flexion

Answer 11

psoas major and iliacus - making the iliopsoas. psoas minor, rectus femoris, pectinius, sartorious, tensor fascia lata.

Question 12

both the muscles in the iliopsoas group have the same innervation and distal connection. what is the connections of these muscles

Answer 12

iliacus is from the iliac fossa to the lesser trochanter. the psoas major is from the T12-L5 vertebrae to the lesser trochanter. both pass under the inguinal ligament

Question 13

what muscles do hip extension

Answer 13

mainly the gluteus maximus. the quadriceps muscles (semitendon, semimembran and the long and short head of biceps femoris). the gluteus minimus and the gluteus medias

Question 14

where does the gluteus maximus attach

Answer 14

the iliac fossa proximally, distally to the gluteal tuberosity of the femur and the iliotibial band

Question 15

what are the two muscles that attach to the iliotibial band

Answer 15

the gluteus maximus and the tensor fascia lata

Question 16

what are the muscles of hip abduction

Answer 16

gluteus medias and the gluteus minimus

Question 17

where do the gluteus medias and minimus attach

Answer 17

they are both deep to the gluteus maximus. \medias is more superficial tho
both attach to the iliac fossa proximally and distally to the greater trochanter.

Question 18

whats trendelenburg sign

Answer 18

when we have the circular gait due ti weakness of the gluteus minimus and medias on one side of the hip. this weakness causes lesser contraction of these muscles resulting in pelvic drop on the other side of the hip. thus we swing leg in circular motion to avoid dragging leg.

Question 19

what muscles are the hip adductors

Answer 19

these are muscles on the medial compartment of the thigh. from the top to bottom : pectineus, adductor longus, behind the longus is the adductor brevis, then more medial is the adductor magnus, then the Gracilis.

Question 20

of the hip adductor muscles what one has 2 parts and where do they connected

Answer 20

adductor magnus has two parts. adductor part and a hamstring part.
adductor attaches to the linera aspera the hamstring part attaches to the adductor tubercule

Question 21

whats between the hamstring part and the adductor part

Answer 21

the adductor hiatus

Question 22

what muscles do hip rotation laterally

Answer 22

piriformis, gemellus superior, obturator internus, gemellus inferior, quadratus femoris and the obturator externus

Question 23

where do lateral hip rotators attach

Answer 23

all attach to the greater trochanter

Question 24

describe the muscle arrangment of the obtruator internus, gellemus superior, gellemus inferior

Answer 24

the obturator internus and obturator externus cover the foramen magnum.
the obtruator internus is between the gellemus superior and gellemus inferior

Question 25

what muscles do medial rotation of the knee

Answer 25

semimembranosus and the semitendonosus

Question 26

how many and what muscles are in the anterior compartment of the thiigh

Answer 26

5, sartorious, rectus femoris, vasti medialis, vasti lateralis, vasti intermedius

Question 27

what muscles do knee extension

Answer 27

the quadriceps muscles rectus femoris and the vasti

Question 28

where does the sartorious attach to

Answer 28

ASIS and the pes-anserinus

Question 29

where do all the quadriceps groups attach distally

Answer 29

to the quadriceps tendon which becomes the patella tendon which attaches to the tibial tuberosity

Question 30

what helps stabilise the patella and prevent its lateral displacement

Answer 30

the vastus medialis oblique - the most distal part of the vasti medialis.

Question 31

what muscles do knee flexion

Answer 31

the hamstrings muscles, basically the msuscles whiich do hip extension semitendonosus, semimembranosus and biceps femoris and the sartorious

Question 32

whats the attachments of the hamstrings group

Answer 32

proximally :ischial tuberosity for ST, SM and the long head of BF and the linea aspera for the short head distally the SM and ST attach to the medial condyle, the BF is the head of the fibula

Question 33

what muscles do knee rotation

Answer 33

the biceps femoris do lateral rotation the SM and ST do medial rotation.

Question 34

what muscles attach to the pes anserinus

Answer 34

the sartorius the gracilis and the semitendonosus

Question 35

where does the pes anserinus attach

Answer 35

attach to the medial epicondyle of the tibia ( just below the medial condyle)

Question 36

what muscles do ankle dorsiflexion

Answer 36

the anterior compartment muscles. medial to lateral tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorium longus

Question 37

attachment of the tibialis anterior EHL and EDL

Answer 37

TA: tibial tuberosity medial foot EHT: tibial tuberosity to the great toe EDT: tibial tuberosity to the 2nd to 5th metatarsals

Question 38

what movements do the EHT and EDT do

Answer 38

dorsiflexion and extension of the toes

Question 39

what muscles do plantarflexion

Answer 39

the posterior leg muscles gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris - if present tibialis posterior, Flexor Digitorim Longum and Flexor Hallucius Longum

Question 40

distal connection of the triceps surae

Answer 40

they become the calcaneal tendon which attach to the calcaneal tuberosity

Question 41

where do the deep plantarflexors attach

Answer 41

the same as the dorsiflexors but posterior. they run posterior to the medial malleous and FHL is the great toe, FDL is the 2 to 5th metatarsals

Question 42

what do the FDL and FHL also do

Answer 42

they do toe flexion and plantar felxion

Question 43

whats the popliteus muscle and whats it do

Answer 43

its the unlocking muscle of the knee. acts as a lateral rotator of the demur and medial rotator of the tibia to unlock the knee when its extended

Question 44

what does subtalar inversion

Answer 44

tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior

Question 45

what muscles do foot eversion

Answer 45

fibularis longus and fibularis brevis

Question 46

how do we differentiate the fibularis brevis from the fibularis longus

Answer 46

the longus sits a top of the brevis. the brevis attaches to the base of the 5th metatarsal. the longus goes to the base of the first metatarsal

Question 47

whats the plantar aponeurosis whats it do

Answer 47

thickening of the plantar fascia. protect deep structures in the sole of the foot, also support longitudinal arches, maintain foot shape

Question 48

where os the plantar aponeurosis

Answer 48

anchored to the plantar fascia