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PSYC 333 > Lecture 17 - Prejudice (2) Sexism > Flashcards

Lecture 17 - Prejudice (2) Sexism Flashcards

1
Q

Construct Accessibility

A

Construct accessibility
(Higgins et al, 1985; Higgins & King, 1981: Srull & Wyer, 1986, 1989)
• Recency: contextual activation induces perceivers to interpret
events consistent with momentarily activated constructs
• Frequency: frequently activated constructs—those that are chronically accessible—are more likely to affect judgment
Both are determinants of construct activation
Independent effects
Interactive effects…

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2
Q

GENDER SCHEMA

THEORY REVISITED

A

Gender schematic (sex-typed), others are aschematic

Who is gender schematic?
• Those endorsing only sex related attributes (e.g. male endorses masculine/agentic traits) thought to be “gender schematic”

Creates a ‘heterosexual subschema’ (Bem 1981):
People with this might:
• encode all cross-sex interactions in sexual terms
• encode all members of the opposite sex in terms of sexual attractiveness

Like self schemata more generally, gender schema:
• Selective attention, encoding and retrieval
Helpful in ambiguous situations, but can be problematic if we
“fill in the gaps” incorrectly

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3
Q

TREATING WOMEN AS SEX
OBJECTS EXPERIMENT

Basic set up

A

Does gender schematic processing lead to prejudiced views
and behavior towards women?

Prime gender schema in schematic and aschematic men and record interaction with a woman…

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4
Q

Sex object experiment

Threee phases

A

Recruit gender schematic and aschematic ptps

Three (unrelated) phases:
1. “Censorship study” (1980s debate)
There was a debate about something in ontario

G1 Ptps watched a Video of house of commons debate
(Control)

G2 Ptps watched a Video of prostitute having sexual relations with client
(Experiment)

  1. “University Life Interview”
    • Female interviewer
    After this, ptps told they would be interviewed by a someone (was a girl)
  2. “Passage of Time on Memory”

Ptps asked what they remembered about the interview

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5
Q

Sex object study - outcomes

A

Outcomes:
Interviewer ratings

  • How sexually motivated did you find the subject?
  • How much did you feel that he was looking at your body?

Ps memory for interviewer
• a) her physical characteristics

• b) what she said

Interpersonal distance

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6
Q

Overall design of sex object study

A

2x2

               Prime        Control Schematic Aschematic
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7
Q

Sex object study results

A

Schematic men in the primed condition were rated as higher in

Sexual motivation
Less interpersonal distance
Did more physical recall at the remembering interview stage
Were very unlikely to remember much about the professional attributes of the woman

This is an interaction effect

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8
Q

Effects of gender schematic

mental

A

We have seen evidence that when gender schemas are activated they change the way men act in some circumstances

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9
Q

BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS
OF PRIMING MEN TO
VIEW WOMEN AS
SEXUAL OBJECTS

Study

A

Is a study

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10
Q

THE LIKELIHOOD TO SEXUALLY

HARASS SCALE

A

Imagine that you are the news director for a local television
station. Due to some personnel changes you have to replace
the anchor woman for the evening news. Your policy has always been to promote reporters from within your
organization when an anchor woman vacancy occurs. There are several female reporters from which to choose. All are
young, attractive, and apparently qualified for the job. One reporter, Loretta W., is someone whom you personally find very sexy. You initially hired her, giving her a first break in the TV news business. How likely are you to do the following
things in this situation?
…take advantage of the situation and harass the woman?

LSH scale (1987)

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11
Q

Behavioral effects sexual object study set up

A

Measure chronic accessibility (pre-measure)
• Likelihood to Sexually Harass Scale

Brought “lows” and “highs” back for market research survey
• Prime with Sexist Ads, or not…

More time: control subject for word association study?
(manipulation check for prime)

Do a lexical reaction time task, checks if they were primed

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12
Q

Behavioral effects sexual object study design

2x2

A

Is 2x2

LSH Prime Control

Low

High

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13
Q

Behavioral effects sexual object results of lexical task

check to see if primed

A

Those primed with sexist words were much quicker to react to sexist words

Those primed reacted much slower to non-sexist words (info that counteracted the prime was inhibited)

So the prime worked

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14
Q

Behavioral effects sexual object

Behavioral task 1

Interview

A

Ptps asked if they could help evaluate a female job candidate in an interview

Finish early—help interview and evaluate female job
candidate as favor?

Given a set of 14 questions
7 pretested as more sexist…

Ps select 7 questions to ask interviewee

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15
Q

Behavioral effects sexual object study DVs

7 Things

A

(1) Proximity (coded)
(2) Sexualized Behavior (confederate rating and coders)

Confederate’s ratings using the Sexual Motivation Index
Judges view videotapes and rate for:
• sexual staring
• sexual motivation
• sexism

(3) Memory about appearance
(4) Memory about qualifications
(5) Competence of the confederate
(6) Friendliness and attractiveness of confederate
(7) Heritability

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16
Q

Behavioral effects sexual object study

Results - Accessibility effects

A 
CHRONIC (HIGH LSH)
More:
-Sexist Questions 
-Proximity
-Sexualized behavior
-Attractiveness*
CONTEXTUAL (ADS)
More:
-Sexist Questions
-Proximity
-Sexualized behavior
-Friendliness & 
competence ê
- physical appearance 
recollections

LESS qualifications recollections

  • The women found the high LSH group more attractive
17
Q

Behavioral effects sexual object study

Results - Heritability

A

High LSH in primed condition were more likely to hire her than any other group

They also said they would pay them more money than the other groups

18
Q

OBJECTIFICATION THEORY

A

American culture socializes women to adopt
observers’ perspectives of
their physical selves

Value and think about body from third person
perspective

objectification
• When people’s bodies, body parts, or sexual functions are separated from their identity and they are reduced to the status of mere instruments or regarded as capable of
representing them

Consequences

19
Q

Self objectification theory study

Body image

A

A consequence of objectification is

Self-objectification (excessive appearance monitoring):
1. Body shame

Shown sexist adds and control. Asked to rathe their body size on a scale

Women respond to sexist ads by finding their own body larger (men find themselves smaller)

After asked to eat something to help evaluate it, those in sexist add condition ate less.

20
Q

Self objectification theory study

Consumed attentional resources

A

Consumed attentional resources

diminished mental performance

40 men and 42 women
Trait self-objectification (concern with appearance)
Study on “emotions and consumer behavior”
• Evaluate scent, clothing and food
Manipulate state self-objectification:
• Try on swimsuit
• Try on sweater
• Alone in a dressing room with a full length mirror
• “Evaluate the clothing as if you were on an actual shopping trip, deciding whether or not to purchase it”
Measured body shame (while wearing garment)

RESULTS

Main effect of experimental condition (shame, guilt, feeling silly)
But, experimental condition produced unique emotional
response in men and women:
• Men: “sheepish, bashful, shy”
• Women: “disgust, distaste, revulsion”

Body shame also predicted restrained eating in women

THEN

Told to keep wearing garment and do a study (in amongst this was a math exam)

There was no effect on the scores of men

Women in the garment performed much worse in the swimsuit condition

21
Q

DOES STEREOTYPING
NEED TO BE OVERT TO
UNDERMINE BEHAVIOR?

A

APPARENTLY NOT

22
Q

INTERACTING WITH SEXIST MEN

Study 1: Male engineering students interact with female
confederate in “work-related” interaction

Study 2: Sexist behaviour and test scores

Study 3: Sexist behaviour done by male confederates and real female engineering scores

A

STUDY 1

Male engineering students interact with female
confederate in “work-related” interaction

Conversation about engineering

Was a merger between HP and another company going on at the time and the HP CEO was a woman

“Do you think Ms. Fiona is doing a good job handling merger?”

RESULTS

Sexist men exhibit more subtle dominance (e.g. posture) and sexual interest

Do these behaviors cue women to think that they will be devalued and viewed stereotypically

STUDY 2

Male and female engineering student dyads
Conversation about engineering
• “Do you think Ms. Fiona is doing a good job handling
merger?”

Complete engineering test (“indicator of aptitude and
ability”)

RESULTS

Male’s sexism negatively predicted women’s test scores

STUDY 3

Replicated Study 2 with experimental manipulation of sexism (male confederate, displaying sexist cues, or not) and real world female engineers

THIS LAST ONE SHOWS POISSIBLE CASUALITY

23
Q

INTERACTING WITH SEXIST MEN

Interesting findings

A

Interestingly, women in sexist condition indicate GREATER attraction and more positive feelings about interaction

• Attraction and feelings about interaction do not explain performance effects!

Perceptions of dominance and interest did not predict
performance

Sexist behavior does not (need to) make overt impression

Nor does it need to be unpleasant

Women detect cues from sexist men’s behavior that they’re at risk of being stereotyped

Experience stereotype threat and underperform in stereotype domain

24
Q

STEREOTYPE THREAT IN APPLIED SETTINGS

test scores

A

Men outperform women on the SAT (College Board, 2005), the LSAT (Dalessandro, Stilwell & Reese, 2005), MCAT;
Association of American Medical Colleges, 2005), DAT (American Dental Association, 2005), and GRE (Educational Testing Service, 1999)

Two real-life high stakes tests:
• calculus AP exam (N=2000)
• computerized placement test (N=1300)

Altered administration:

Demographics (including sex)

G1: Before
G2: After

RESULTS

Girls with info before perform sig worse than girls with info after

25
Q

STEREOTYPE THREAT IN APPLIED SETTINGS

Implication

A

Old way: for every 9 boys who got college credit, 6 girls would get credit. Now: for every 9 boys who got credit, 8 girls would get
college credit.

Based on number of students taking test, an additional 2,789 young women would get credit!!

26
Q

HIREABILITY 2.0

What would informed, academics do with this info

A
  • Gender disparities in academic science, e.g., “leaky pipeline”
  • Despite rise in STEM enrollment and UG level, large #s of women leave fields at various career stages
• Biology, chemistry, physics professors from research 
intensive universities (N=127) evaluate job application for 
lab manager position (“professional launching pad”)

Asked to rate letters and CVs which had 2 modifications

G1 Women’s name
G2 Men’s

RESULTS

Male students were significantly more hired vs female ones

Female name was associated with lower:

Competence

Hireability

Desire to mentor

27
Q

HIREABILITY 2.0

What would informed, academics do with this info

Special info

A

Faculty gender UNRELATED to bias

28
Q

BEYOND HIRABILITY:

ACADEMIC AUTHORSHIP

A

Behavioral Ecology
implemented double blind
review in 2004

Reviewers now blind to author identity (incl.
gender)

Saw a big drop in the percentage of male first authored studies and a big increase in female ones

29
Q

SHAPING THE BODY
POLITIC

Shaming fat women study

A

Weight bias one of the last “socially acceptable” forms of
discrimination

Thin ideal central to women’s conceptions (and society’s
concepts of women’s) beauty

Women also held to narrower range of socially acceptable
weight

Female celebrities routinely criticized for their weight…

Do such casual, off-the-cuff comments leave a private trace?

RESULTS

Using the IAT scores over time researchers saw the women’s weight bias score before, during and after a big media shaming event

rises at the event, goes back to normal over several weeks

30
Q

EFFECT OF TIME ON

WEIGHT (AND RACE) BIAS

A

Weight still high

Race has been dropping for some time

PSYC 333 (26 decks)

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