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Genetics > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two types of immune responses?

A

Innate and adaptive

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2
Q

What is the first line of defense of immunity?

A

Epithelial barriers
Skin
Bronchial
Gut

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3
Q

What are features of the microbiological barrier?

A

Produce metabolic products to stop pathogen growth
deplete nutrients for pathogens
provide protective layer

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4
Q

Where are immune cells produced?

A

Bone marrow,
Blood
Lymph nodes

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5
Q

What are the two types of immunometabolism?

A

systemic immunometabolism
cellular immunometabolism

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6
Q

What are the function of macrophages?

A

phagocytosis
cytokine production
antigen presentation

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7
Q

What are the functions of dendritic cells?

A

Antigen uptake
cytokine production
antigen presentation

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8
Q

What are the function of neutrophils

A

phagocytosis

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9
Q

What is the basic principle of the immune system?

A

recognise invading microorganisms
formulate a response to clear the infection

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10
Q

What are PAMPs?

A

Pathogen associated molecular patters: Unique to pathogens and recognised by immune system

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11
Q

What are PRRs (Patterns recognition receptors)?

A

PRRs recognize PAMPs (evolutionary conserved)

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12
Q

What are the three types of PRRs?

A

Toll like receptors (TLR)
Nod like receptors (NLR)
Rig like helicases (RLH)

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13
Q

What are TLRs (Toll like receptors)

A

Transmembrane protein recognize PAMPs thorugh ligand binding domain

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14
Q

What are NLR and RLH?

A

soluble molecules that scan the cytoplasm for PAMPs

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15
Q

What are TLR recognized by?

A

TIR domain and Leucine rich repeat (LRR) which recognizes the PAMPs

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16
Q

What is the TLR cascade?

A

TLR acivates ubiquitine ligase -> activating NfkB and induce cytokine production in the nucleus

17
Q

What are DAMPs (Danger Associated Molecular
Patterns) and what do they do?

A

DAMPs are released when cells are dying and can activate PRRs (serve as warning to other cells)

18
Q

What are cytokines?

A

peptides that mediate communication between cells
mediate immune response and inflammation

19
Q

What are chemokines?

A

Peptides that recruite immune cells to infection or injury

20
Q

How are pathogens cleared by the immune system?

A

Phagocytosis (bacteria)
Killing of pathogens (parasites)
killing of host cells (viruses)

21
Q

How are pathogens cleared by macrophages?

A

Recptors on mycrophages bind microbes and their components -> internalize them and break them down in phagolysosomes

22
Q

What are B-cells?

A

Sole producers of antibodies

23
Q

How can antibodies recognize several different antigens?

A

The posses a region of hypervariability for binding to antigens

24
Q

WHat do T-cells do?

A

mediate immune protetcion (CD4 and CD8 cells)
recognize antigens by MHC presentation

25
Q

What do CD8 T-cells do?

A

Recognize antigens on cell surface and kill the cells. Antigen is presented on MHCI cells

26
Q

What do CD4 T-cells do?

A

MHCII antigen presentation -> activate B-cells and macrophages

27
Q

Why are lymphocytes so special for immune responses?

A

Each lymphocyte only recognizes 1 antigen and there are millions which results in millions of different specificities

28
Q

How is it possible to produce millions of different antigen recpetors when the genome only has 20000 genes? (lymphocytes)

A

Through gene rearrangment (V(D)J recombination)
1 V 1 D and 1 J gene come together and are further augmented by deletions / insertions to generate millions of antigen receptors

29
Q

How do antigen receptors discriminate between
self and non-self?

A

self reactive lymphocytes are degraded (clonal deletion) only mature lymphocytes continue

30
Q

What is the clonal selection hypothesis?

A

Lymphocytes upon interacting with forgein antigen differentiate into effector cells and memory cells which bear the same receptors (clonal expansion)

Genetics (24 decks)

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