Lecture 15 Flashcards
What is perspective taking?
Imagining the perspective of another group/group member-creates feelings of empathy which reduces prejudice.
What was the study by Batson et al on perspective taking?
Used student participants. Listen to an interview with a woman with AIDS. Perspective taking condition: Listen and imagine the womans feelings/experiences OR listen in a detached manner. Victim responsibility was also manipulated (AIDs from unprotected sex vs due to a blood transfusion). DV: indicate empathy and attitudes towards people with AIDS.
What were the results of Batson et al’s study?
Empathy: Perspective taking results in higher empathy (stronger in the not responsible condition). Attitudes: Similar trend to empathy, but no difference between responsible or not.
What was the study by Vescio et al on perspective taking?
White participants watched an interview with a black student. Had the same perspective manipulation AND a stereotype manipulation: confirming or disconfirming. Indicate empathy and attitudes.
What were the results of Vescio et al’s study?
Empathy: Greater in perspective taking, with no effect of stereotypically.
Attitudes found the same trend.
What is the reason for the reduction in prejudice when you practice perspective taking?
Empathy
What was Jane Elliott’s blue eyes brown eyes study?
1968, simulation of discrimination. Blue eyes as superior, and brown eyes as submissive (then flip the roles). Simulation then leads to a discussion, wanting to see if it reduces discrimination.
What are some of the positive outcomes of the blue eyes brown eyes study?
Less condoning of discrimination and more positive attitudes towards the outgroup
What are some of the negative outcomes of the blue eyes brown eyes study?
Stress and anger towards the self
How did Gutierrez et al use technology to simulate discrimination?
Used virtual reality to have participants play as a black student in uni trying to get a degree. Resulted in a reduction in implicit bias, but only among participants who actually took the perspective of the target.
What was Groom et al’s study using technology to simulate discrimination?
Participants were represented by white or black avatars. Had them look in a mirror, then answer job interview questions as the avatar. Embodiment by outgroup member resulted in more racial bias (activation of stereotypes).
What is the caveat behind perspective taking?
Imagine other (how target feels based on their distinct view point), versus imagine self (how you yourself would feel if you were in their place). Imagine other is better than imagine self.
What are meta-stereotypes?
Negative stereotypes believed to be held by the outgroup about one’s own group.
What happens with meta-stereotypes when we engage in imagine self perspective?
Meta-stereotypes about that group come out due to worries of becoming those stereotypes.
What are category based prejudice reduction models?
Using categorization to reduce prejudice: Either decategorization: Elimination of cateogrization
Or recategorization: altering categorization
What is the idea behind decategorization and what are some of the problems with it?
Focus on the interpersonal rather than the intergroup. Perceive people as separate individuals, reduce salience of group identities. The problem with this is that its 1) Unstable. 2) Difficult to maintain 3) Generalization to the rest of the outgroup is not likely
What is the idea behind recategorization?
Categorizing people on a different dimension (maybe on a higher level). Not us vs them, but we. Higher level category that you both belong to.
What does recategorization result in?
1) reduction of original ingroup/outgroup distinction
2) Newly categorized ingroup members are evaluated more positively
3) Behaviour to new ingroup members is more positive.
What was Allports Circles of Inclusion idea?
Person’s ingroups vary hierarchically in inclusiveness (racial group, family, human kind). Can always find a common area.
What is the common ingroup identity model by Gaertner and Dovidio?
Interventions aimed at changing conceptions of different group memberships to one that is more common. Cooperative interaction between the ingroup and outgroup, asked to focus on similar categorization-increased group representations and decreased separate group representations
What is the best way to reduce prejudice?
Intergroup contact
What is intergroup contact?
Positive contact between members of 2 groups can improve attitudes and intergroup relations.
What are the optimal conditions for intergroup contact?
1) Groups are of equal status/power
2) Contact is intimate
3) Working towards a common goal
4) Contact is supported by authorities
What did the meta-analysis by Pettigrew and Tropp find with regards to intergroup contact?
Intergroup contact does reduce prejudice towards a broad range of groups. r is consistently at -.22. Contact effects generalize to the entire group. Do not need Allports optimum conditions, but when they are present, prejudice is reduced more.
