Lecture 10 Flashcards
What are attitudes?
Evaluations of an object or target
What are explicit attitudes?
Conscious, deliberative, and controllable.
What are implicit attitudes?
Outside of awareness, unintentionally activated, uncontrollable
How do implicit attitudes form?
Through repeated pairings of the object (ex: ethnic minorities) and evaluations (bad)
What are the four components of implicit attitudes?
1) Lack of conscious intent
2) Efficiency
3) Lack of awareness
4) Lack of control
How do we measure implicit attitudes?
Measuring attitudes without asking participants. Likely to be free from social desirability concerns, participant may be unaware that attitudes are being assessed (even if they are, they can’t control responding).
What is a word fragment completion task?
Participants are primed with a specific group, and are then given word fragments and asked to complete them. Fragments must be able to make multiple words- words are either associated with the group or not. Certain words are stereotype consistent.
What are priming tasks?
Photo priming with race (black or white), then asked to indicate connotations with adjectives- if a black face causes students to have a quicker reaction to negative adjectives, demonstrates implicit bias
What is the Implicit Association Test?
Test that was first developed to test racial attitudes. Pictures are presented: either faces or pos and neg words. There are congruent trials an incongruent trials, sort both into racial groups and valence groups
How do you compute the IAT score?
Mean reaction time for incongruent trials - mean reaction time for congruent trials. The more rapidly one associates positive terms with a group, the more they are considered to favour that group.
What are the typical results of the IAT test?
Faster responses on congruent, 70-90% of people favour whites.
What does a score of 0 on the IAT indicate?
No bias.
What did Fazio et al discover about implicit-explicit attitude consistency?
There is a high correlation between implicit and explicit attitudes for socially non-sensitive attitudes, but a weak and negative correlation between implicit explicit attitudes for socially sensitive topics- this is due to social desirability.
What is the idea behind the MODE model?
Implicit-explicit associations depend on motivation and opportunity to deliberate- if motivation and opportunity are high, then explicit prejudice predicts behaviour. When motivation and opportunity are low, then implicit prejudice predicts behaviour.
What are people who are both high on implicit and explicit prejudice known as?
Double highs, or modern racists
What are people who are high on implicit and low on explicit prejudice known as?
Aversive racists
What are people who are low on implicit and high on explicit prejudice known as?
Principled conservatives
What are people who are low on implicit and low on explicit prejudice known as?
Double lows, truly low prejudice
What was the study done by Dovidio, Kawakami, and Gaertner on implicit and explicit prejudice?
Measured: explicit racial prejudice (attitudes towards black people scale), and implicit racial prejudice (subliminal priming task, black and white faces, pos and neg adjectives), DV: interactions with confederates (black or white), verbal friendliness and non-verbal friendliness.
What was Agerstrom and Rooths study on implicit obesity prejudice and hiring discrimination?
Managers completed: Obesity IAT, explicit weight based hiring preferences. Job applications sent for real job vacancies, applicant credentials were equivalent but some had a normal weight and some were obese. DV: Extent to which normal versus obese patients were invited for an interview.
What were the results of Agerstrom and Rooths study?
Only IAT scores (not explicit preferences) predicted interview decisions.
What has been argued that may strongly influence IAT outcomes?
Cognitive processing speed, age and handedness. Could also be susceptible to faking.
What have people argued that the race IAT actually measures?
Shared cultural stereotypes, sympathy towards black people, stereotype threat (fears about appearing racist), and familiarity.
