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Bacteria > Lecture 15 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the biocontainment level for Clostridium botulinum in lab?

A

3 & 2 in any other setting

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2
Q

Describe the appearance of Clostridium botulinum

A

Gram positive

Spore forming

Rods

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3
Q

Describe the metabolism of Clostridium

A

Anaerobic

Clostridium novyi is a strict anaerobe, can work with others fairly easy

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4
Q

What is the appearance of Clostridium perfringens?

A

Gram positive

Rods

Boxcar morphology

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5
Q

Describe the appearance of Clostridium perfringens on plate

A

2 zones of hemolysis

Can be enhanced by placing in fridge & then incubate

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6
Q

Describe the appearance of Clostridium tetani

A

Terminal spores

Drumstick morphology

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7
Q

Where is clostridium found?

A

Wide distribution

Envr - water & soil

Many spp of normal microbiota (found in feces)

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8
Q

What tests are used to dx clostridium? & What does a positive result look like for each?

A

Lecithinase - positive = precipitation around streak

Lipase tests - positive = clear zone around streak

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9
Q

How do animals acquire Clostridium tetani? What are 3 exs of this situation?

A

Organisms enter body through beaches in the skin

Ex: step on rusty nail

Ex: fecal contamination of umbilicus

Ex: tail docking

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10
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Clostridium tetani

A

Damage to skin barrier occurs

Organism enters

Organism multiples in necrotic tissue

Organism produces toxins

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11
Q

What toxins does Clostridium tetani produce? & What are the roles of the toxins?

A

Tetanolysin - enhances tissue invasion

Tetanospasmin - neurotoxin which causes muscle spasms

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12
Q

How do you tx Clostridium tetani? (2)

A

High dose of penicillin

Tetanus anti-toxin

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13
Q

What symptoms does Clostridium tetani cause in humans? (3)

A

Generalized tetanus

Muscle stiffness

Opisthotonos

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14
Q

What symptoms does Clostridium tetani cause in dogs?

A

Muscle spasm of the face - lockjaw

Characteristic risks sardonicus

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15
Q

Where is Clostridium botulinum found?

A

Soils & aquatic enviers

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16
Q

When does Clostridium botulinum produce toxins?

A

when spores germinate in anaerobic envrs

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17
Q

Describe how the spores of Clostridium botulinum do in the envr?

A

Extremely resistant

Survive boiling

Need to be careful when canning

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18
Q

How are animals exposed to Clostridium botulinum?

A

Ingestion

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19
Q

How does disease arise from Clostridium botulinum? & what is the main symptom?

A

Extremely potent botulism toxin which prevents release oc ACh at neuromuscular junction

Causes flaccid paralysis

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20
Q

Describe the exposure & pathogenesis of Clostridium botulinum in waterfowl

A

C. botulinum spores located on lake bottom

Birds eat inverts from lake bottom

Become intoxicated

Droopy necks = drown or rest failure

Carcasses eaten by maggots

Toxin laden maggots eaten by birds –> perpetuates disease

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21
Q

What are the 5 forms of botulism in humans?

A
  1. Food borne
  2. Wound botulism
  3. Infant botulism
  4. Adult intestinal toxaemia
  5. Latrogenic botulism (accidentally infect yourself)
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22
Q

What is the tx for Clostridium botulinum? (4)

A

A/bs - works for infection, not for toxin ingestion

Antitoxin

Supportive therapy

Vacc (in horses)

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23
Q

What disease does Clostridium chauvoei cause in cattle & sheep?

A

Blackleg

24
Q

Where is Clostridium chauvoei found? (2)

A

Envr & feces

25
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Blackleg from Clostridium chauvoei

A

Ingest endospores which usually pass without prob

Occasionally, they become lodged in tissues (hindquarters & cardiac muscle)

Disease occurs when spores are stimulated to germinate

26
Q

What are the clinical signs of blackleg from Clostridium chauvoei? (3)

A

Acute febrile disease - lameness & sudden death

May feel crepitation (bloated)

Muscle is dark red-black & spongy with rancid odour

27
Q

What is the tx of blackleg? (3)

A

Not practical

Penicillin

Sx debridement

Can vaccinate

28
Q

What disease does Clostridium septicum cause & in who?

A

Malignant edema in large animals of all ages

29
Q

How do large animals get Clostridium septicum?

A

Infection usually occurs following deep puncture & trauma
Ex: vacc, sx or through umbilicus

Results in fatal toxaemia due to production of neurotoxins

Neurotoxins cause edema & gangrene

30
Q

How is Clostridium septicium tx? (2)

A

High dose of penicillin systemically & inj around primary lesions

Antitoxin

31
Q

How do you prevent Clostridium septicum infection from occurring?

A

Hygiene when performing invasive procedures

Vacc

32
Q

Does Clostridium septicum pose a zoonotic risk?

A

No, they are infrequently isolated from infections which are often fatal

Assoc with malignancy

33
Q

What disease does Clostridium novyi type B cause in sheep, cattle, horses & rarely pigs?

A

Black disease - Acute, necrotic hepatitis (animals are usually found dead)

34
Q

How do animals get Clostridium novyi?

A

Via envr

Fecal contamination by carrier of pasture thought to be important

35
Q

What pops of sheep get blackleg from Clostridium novyi?

A

Well nourished adult sheep

36
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of black disease in sheep

A

Ingest spores from feed

Spores reach liver hematogenously

Germinate with necrotic insult

Release alpha toxin

37
Q

What is black disease from Clostridium novyi in sheep normally assoc with? (3)

A

Liver flukes

Cysticercus tenuicollis

Liver trauma

38
Q

What is the tx for black disease form Clostridium novyi in sheep?

A

No effective tx

Vacc available

Prevent liver fluke infestation

39
Q

Where is Clostridium perfringens normally found?

A

Intestinal microbiota

40
Q

What toxins does Clostridium perfringens use to cause disease? (5)

A

Enterotoxin - released reign sporulation, responsible for food poisoning in people

Alpha toxin - lecithinase (type of phospholipase), attacks cell PMs resulting in necrosis

Beta toxin - pore forming toxin which is lethal & necrotizing. Binds to endothelial cells & causes necrosis

E-toxin - pro-toxin activated by proteolytic enzymes. Pore forming & damages endothelium

I-toxin - pro-toxin, activated by proteolytic enzymes, cytotoxic

41
Q

What disease does Clostridium perfringens cause in sheep? (2)

A

Lamb dysentery

Pulpy kidney disease

42
Q

How do lambs get lamb dysentry from Clostridium perfringens?

A

Predisposed by abrupt change in diet

Allows overgrowth of C. perfringens leading to production of the toxin at high levels

May have sudden death

43
Q

What disease does Clostridium perfringens cause in pigs?

A

Hemorrhagic enteritis in piglets

44
Q

What disease does Clostridium perfringens cause in chickens?

A

Necrotic enteritis

45
Q

How do lambs acquire pulpy kidney disease?

A

Assoc with gorging on grain or lush pasture

46
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of pulpy kidney disease in lambs

A

Gorge on lush pasture or grain

High starch content stimulates overgrowth of C. perfringens

Excess E-toxin production leads to toxaemia

Acute - often found dead

47
Q

How do you tx pulpy kidney disease?

A

Control diet

48
Q

What happens when people get Clostridium perfringens?

A

Cause necrotizing intestinal disease

Assoc with fooods containing trypsin inhibitors

49
Q

What disease does Clostridium difficile cause in pigs?

A

Early onset of scours in young pigs leading to sudden death

50
Q

What enterotoxins does Clostridium difficile produce? & what do they do?

A

A & B

Colonic dysregulation & cell death

51
Q

How do you tx Clostridium difficile in people?

A

Vanomycin & metronidazole

Fecal transplants

52
Q

How do you dx C. tetani in the lab?

A

gram stain displaying drumstick organisms

53
Q

How do you dx C. botulinum in the lab?

A

Toxicity studies where you inj mice with serum or filtrate of rumen contents

54
Q

How do you dx C. chauvoei, C. septicum & C. novyi in the lab? (3)

A

Culture - collect large chunks of tissue (maintain anaerobic envr)

Fixed tissues for histo

Fourescent antibody test

55
Q

How do you dx C. perfringens in the lab?

A

Culture feces when there is diarrhea & renal tissue when there is pulpy kidney disease

Gram stian - box car cells

Identify toxin via PCR

Histo

56
Q

How do you dx C. difficile in the lab?

A

Culture feces

Identify toxin via PCR

57
Q

Does C. perfringens pose a zoonotic risk?

A

Yes, causes food borne illness

Assoc with contained meats

Bacteria (16 decks)

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