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Bacteria > Lecture 12 & 13 > Flashcards

Lecture 12 & 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the biocontainment level for Erysipelothrix?

A

2

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2
Q

Does Erysipelothrix form spores?

A

NO

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3
Q

Is Erysipelothrix gram positive or negative?

A

positive

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4
Q

Describe the appearance of Erysipelothrix

A

Slender, non-branching rods or chains of rods

Irregular morphology (curved)

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5
Q

Describe the metabolism of Erysipelothrix (3)

A

Facultative anaerobic

gamma hemolytic or weekly alpha hemolytic on blood agar

Catalase negative

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6
Q

Where is Erysipelothrix found?

A

Wide range of spp - mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, shellfish, crustaceans & wild ungulates

Shed in faces of pigs

Persists in envr

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7
Q

What are the virulence factors of Erysipelothrix? (3)

A

Capsule - provides resistance to phagocytosis & allows organism to survive in the oxidative burst within macrophages

Neuraminidase - promotes attachment & aids in invasion of mucosal surfaces & vasculature

SpaA PRO - surface PRO that aids in attachment

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8
Q

What virulence factor of Erysipelothrix is responsible for generating cell-mediated immunity rather than humoral? Is this protective?

A

SpA PRO

Yes, antibodies are protective

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9
Q

What disease does Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause in pigs?

A

Swine Erysipelas

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10
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Swine Erysipelas caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

A

Affects pigs older than 3 mo due to waning material immunity

Fecal-oral exposure

Enters body through palatine tonsils followed by systemic spread (bacteremia)

In acute case, it can lead to DIC & thrombi. Thrombi get lodged in capillaries & venues –> ischemic necrosis & lesions

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of Acute Swine Erysipelas caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae? (6)

A

Sudden onset

Pyrexia & sometimes death

Depression

Inappetence

Diamond skin lesions 2-3 days after exposure (if severe, the diamond lesions won’t occur before death)

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of Subacute Swine Erysipelas caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

A

Disease is less severe than acute

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of Chronic Swine Erysipelas caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae? (3)

A

Long term sequelae following acute disease

Arthritis & stiffness - thrombi can become lodged in joints

Poss cardiac insufficiency if damage to heart valves during acute phase

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in turkeys? (4)

A

Begins with death of several birds & others which are droopy

Toms may have congested, purple snoods

Death is per-acute

Endocarditis is usually the cause in turkeys that died

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15
Q

Describe the pattern of disease of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in wild ungulates

A

Large die-offs

Mortality due to this organism is new

Poss effecting naive pop

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16
Q

Is Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae zoonotic?

A

To those with exposure risk - vets, butchers & fish handlers

Presents as skin lesions & can lead to L sided endocarditis

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17
Q

What disease does Erysipelothrix tonsillarum cause in dogs?

A

Endocarditis

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18
Q

What are the symptoms of Erysipelothrix tonsillarum in dogs? (2)

A

Fever

Recent onset of murmur

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19
Q

How do you tx Erysipelothrix tonsillarum in dogs?

A

Penicillin

Extended tx length required

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20
Q

What disease does Erysipelothrix spp cause in ornamental fish?

A

Death

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21
Q

What are the clinical signs of Erysipelothrix in ornamental fish?

A

Lethargy

Hovering in the water

Hemorrhage of fins & skin

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22
Q

What do samples do you collect for Erysipelothrix?

A

Necropsy - liver, spleen, kidney, heart, synovial tissue, long bone samples

Blood cultures

Difficult to collect skin samples

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23
Q

How do you handle samples for Erysipelothrix spp?

A

DO NOT FREEZE

24
Q

How does the lab test for Erysipelothrix?

A

Blood agar

Selective media - including agar containing a/bs

MALDI-TOF

25
Q

How do you tx for Erysipelothrix spp?

A

Penicillin

Pathology may complicate

26
Q

What tx do you avoid for Erysipelothrix? (3)

A

Sulfonamides

Aminoglycosides

GLycopeptides (vancomycin)

27
Q

What is the containment level for B. anthracis?

A

3

28
Q

What is the biocontainment level for B. cereus?

A

2

29
Q

What is the biocontainment level for B. subtitles?

A

1

30
Q

Describe the appearance of Bacillus (4)

A

Large

Spore forming

Gram positive

Rods

31
Q

Describe the metabolism of Bacillus

A

Facultative anaerobe

32
Q

Describe the appearance of Bacillus on a plate (2)

A

Large, irregular colonies

33
Q

Describe the appearance of Bacillus anthracis on a plate (2)

A

grey

Non-hemolytic colonies

34
Q

What spp have the Medusa heads on a gram stain?

A

Bacillus anthracis

35
Q

Where is Bacillus found?

A

Envr - water & soil

Spores survive for decades - highly resistant

36
Q

What are the virulence factors for Bacillus anthracis? (3)

A

Protective antigen- forms heptameric pores in cell walls (within host cells)

THEN, an edema factor or lethal factor will bind to create toxins

Lethal toxin - affects macrophages inhibiting macromolecular syn & stimulates apoptosis

Edema toxin - results in increase cAMP levels intracell & effects H2O homeostasis

(FYI- these 3 PROs are inactive on their own, need to come together to be activated)

37
Q

Describe the virulence process of Bacillus anthracis

A

Capsule forms around the vegetative cells & other factors for a PRO

Protective antigen binds to host cells

They aggregate together to form a heptamer

Edema or lethal factor bind to the heptamer resulting in endocytosis of the entire complex

Complex spans the entire cell membrane allowing both factors to be cleaved & enter the cytoplasm of the cell to exert their toxic effects

38
Q

What is the virulence factor for Bacillus cereus ?

A

Exotoxins responsible for gastroenteritis

39
Q

What is the virulence factor for Bacillus thuringiensis?

A

Crystal toxins - digestion of crystal liberates Cry toxin & disrupts the gut

Used as larvicide in mosquito control

40
Q

What is the virulence factor for Bacillus subtilis?

A

Non-pathogenic

41
Q

Describe the process of the motility test

A

Put swab in the media straight down the middle (use needle or straight wire)

If it diffuses outwards from the stab line then it is positive & if it only stays in the stab line then it is negative

42
Q

Diff spp have diff susceptibility to Bacillus anthracis, why might that be? What spp have the most, intermediate & lowest susceptibility to disease?

A

Due to the envr that the spp resides

If they are in an envr with high exposure to soil then they have more exposure to spores then they are very suscpetible - includes cattle, sheep & goats (most susceptible)

For those spp with moderate exposure to soil & spores they have intermediate susceptibility - horses & humans

For spp which only are exposed to soil when scavenging they have the lowest susceptibility - pigs, birds & carnivores

43
Q

How do ruminants acquire Bacillus anthracis?

A

Ingestion of an endospore

Often seen when there is a drought followed by heavy rainfall

44
Q

What is the outcome if a ruminant is exposed to Bacillus anthracis?

A

Sudden death

Peracute disease

45
Q

What are some signs during a necropsy that the animal has been infected by Bacillus anthracis?

A

Failure to clot

Incomplete rigor mortis

Splenomegaly - if you cut into a carcass & blood flows freely

46
Q

Why should you never perform a necropsy if you suspect Bacillus anthracis?

A

B/c if the organisms are exposed to O2 they sporulate & since they are extremely resistant spores it will be very difficult to rid them of the envr

If you see splenomegaly, STOP cutting

Call CFIA if you suspect

47
Q

How does Bacillus anthracis present in horses?

A

Acute intestinal disease - colic, diarrhea, fever & depression

Localized lesions can be seen

May see dependent edema = thorax, abdomen, prepuce, mammary gland

Followed by fatal septicaemia

48
Q

How do horses become exposed to Bacillus anthracis?

A

Thought to be due to insect transmission

49
Q

What are the 4 forms of Bacillus anthracis in humans?

A

Cutaneous - most common

Pulmonary - inhale spores

Oropharyngeal - ingest spores

Gastrointestinal - ingest spores

50
Q

How do you collect a sample for Bacillus anthracis?

A

Call CFIA

Do not perform necropsy

Collect blood from ear

If you are working in a dusty envr, use protection

51
Q

How do you handle Bacillus anthracis samples?

A

DO NOT FREEZE

52
Q

How does the lab diagnose Bacillus anthracis?

A

Direct microscopy - look for encapsulated organisms from tissues

53
Q

How does the lab dx non-anthracis bacillus spp?

A

Culture

54
Q

How do you get rid of Bacillus anthracis from the envr? (3)

A

Very difficult to get rid of

Remove top 20cm of soil

Disinfect soil & equipment with formalin

Burn or bury contaminated disposables along with carcasses

55
Q

How do you tx Bacillus anthracis? (6)

A

High dose of penicillins or tetracyclines

Vacc is available

Antimicrobial prophylaxis may be appropriate in some outbreak situations

Control area - keep animals out

Proper disposal of carcasses

Prevent additional contamination of the envr

Bacteria (16 decks)

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