Lecture 14 Flashcards
Are antibiotics primary or secondary metabolites?
secondary, they have no use in organism production
Why is antibiotic resistance a growing problem?
because they are overprescribed and over used
What are the 5 basic forms of antibiotic resistance and an example for each?
Prevent access and accumulation - block entry - efflux Destroy the antibiotic - damage cell Modify the target to inhibit binding - ribosome mutations Overproduce cellular target - 'mop-up' drug Target mimicry - use to decoy protein with same drug-binding site as target
What are multi-drug resistance efflux pumps?
they can pump out multiple drugs; makes it harder for drugs to work
What is de novo antibiotic resistance?
antibiotic resistance as a result of mutation
How is de novo antibiotic resistance acquired?
horizontal gene transfer
How is drug resistance combatted?
dummy targets inactivate resistant enzymes
alter antibiotic structure
linking antibiotic
anti-virulence: disarms pathogens but do not kill
Why do some dormant (persister cells) become active?
they have a stalled metabolism so during treatment they are dormant but activate after
What is the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)?
lowest drug concentration that prevents visible growth
How are the MLC and the MIC related?
the MLC is always equal or greater than the MIC
Why are there so few antiviral agents in medicine?
since viruses take over host, it is hard to kill just the virus and not the host
What is the difference between the two groups of fungi?
Superficial mycoses: treated topically
Deep mycoses: treated systemically
Describe the drug discovery pipeline.
- target discovery
- screening
- lead optimization
- ADMET
- development
- registration
