lecture 12 histology Flashcards
What is plasma?
blood minus formed elements
What is serum?
plasma without blood clotting proteins
What are the three layers of heparinized and centrifuged blood
supernatant (plasma)
BuffyCoat Leukocytes
Precipitate ( sedimented red blood cells)
know this photo
What are the charcteristics of fibrinogen?
made in the liver
function in blood clotting
target for thrombin
What ar ethe characteristics of albumin
MAde in the liver
exert major oxmotic pressure of blood vessels walls
What are the blood proteins?
Fibrogen
Albumins
Globulino (immunoglobulin)
What are the charcteristics of Eythrocytes (RBCs)
- Increase with production of erythropoietin in the kidneys
- devoid of granules and organelles
- majors contents include
- Lipids, ATP, Carbonic anhydrase, hemoglobin
- Proteins
- About 50% are integral embrane proteins
- peripheal proteins
- spectrin
- actin (bound via ankyrin)
What tissues are these?
First one are normal RBCs
Next one is Sickle Cell
What is ankyrin?
Links spectrin - actin network and plasma membrane by binding to spectrin and transmembrane protein
what are the charactetistics of neutralphils
Active amoeboid phagocytes contain
- small. numerous specfifc granules contains lysozume and other proteases
- Large less numerous azurophillic granules (elastase and myeloperoxidase)
Secrete a class of enzymes capable of destroying certain bacteria formaion of free radical super oxide) as well as the release of lysomzyme and lactoferrin which destroy bacteria walls (1ST RESPONDERS)
What are the characteristics of basophils
Contain
- Vasoactive substances
- serotonin
- Heparin (ANTI coagulent)
- Kallikren (attracts eosinophils)
- Produce leukotriens
- increases vasuclar permeavility
- slows contraction of smooth muscles
What are the characteristics of Eosinophils?
- Major basic protein
- distrupts parasite membranes
- causes basophils to release histamine
- Peroxidase
- cationic proteins
- neutralizez heparin and is anti parasitic
Respond in allergic dieases and parasitic infections
phagocytize antibody antigens complex and parasites
What is this?
LARGE NUCLEUS
B lymphocyte = precursor Plasma cell
T lymphovyte = precursor T lymphocytes
What are the characteristics of a monocytes
Largest Leukocutes
Eccentrically located, kidney shaped nucleus
granular cutoplasm due to small lysosomes
precursor macrophages and osteoclasts
What are the characteristics of platelets
- Enhance aggregation of release of factors
- promote clot formation, retract, and dssolution
- Adhesion of platelets involve integrins
- platelets release thromboaxane which increase platelet aggreation
- endothelial cells release prostacyclin which decreases platelet aggregation
What is hemostatsis and how does it occur (step wise)?
It is the elimination of bleeding
ACcumulation of blood in tissues is a hematoma
Steps
- constriction of smooth muscle around vessels
- constrictions of vessels
- slowling of blood
- formation of platelet plug
- blood clotting (coagulation)
How does a platelet plug form?
Plates dont adhere to endothelial cells of BV
- an injury disrupts endothelial lining and exposes underlying collagen fibers
- platelets adhere to collagen release contents and there is a conversion of arahidonic acid to thromboaxane A2 which stimulates more platelet aggregation
- ADP and other released contents cause more aggregatoon = plug
Vonwillebrand factor is a plasma protein released from Weibel - palade bodies in endothelial cells that adhere platelets to walls of damaged bv
How does the entrinsic process go?
Tissue injury (releases thromboplastin
Thromboplastin activates factor V
activated factor V and Ca2+
Factor X activation
What is leukocyte extravasion?
activation of cytokinese relaesded by mast cells,platlets, or damaged tissue
2 steps
ROlling - selectin (CRD) binding to sialyl Lewis X antigen on Leukocye membrane
Transendothelial migration - Integrins (beta1 and Beta 2) on leukocyte bind to Vcam and ICAM 1/2 on endothelial membrane
What is erythoblastosis?
antibody induced hemolytic dieases b/w new born and mother
fetus inherits RBC antigenic determinate (ABO and Rh)
- first pregancy - Rh exposure creates IgM is too large to pass through placenta so NO ERYTHROBLASTOSIS
- 2nd+ pregancy - Rh exposure creaes D antigen which is transmissable and causes erythoblastosis
Hemolysisin Erythoblasts
hemolytic anemia which cause hypoxic injury to heart and liver looking to generalized edema
Jaundice damage to CNS
hyperbilirubinemia
