lecture 12 histology

Question 1

What is plasma?

Answer 1

blood minus formed elements

Question 2

What is serum?

Answer 2

plasma without blood clotting proteins

Question 3

What are the three layers of heparinized and centrifuged blood

Answer 3

supernatant (plasma)

BuffyCoat Leukocytes

Precipitate ( sedimented red blood cells)

Question 4

know this photo

Answer 4

Question 5

What are the charcteristics of fibrinogen?

Answer 5

made in the liver

function in blood clotting

target for thrombin

Question 6

What ar ethe characteristics of albumin

Answer 6

MAde in the liver

exert major oxmotic pressure of blood vessels walls

Question 7

What are the blood proteins?

Answer 7

Fibrogen

Albumins

Globulino (immunoglobulin)

Question 8

What are the charcteristics of Eythrocytes (RBCs)

Answer 8

• Increase with production of erythropoietin in the kidneys
• devoid of granules and organelles
• majors contents include
  
  • Lipids, ATP, Carbonic anhydrase, hemoglobin
• Proteins
  
  • About 50% are integral embrane proteins
  • peripheal proteins
    
    • spectrin
    • actin (bound via ankyrin)

Question 9

What tissues are these?

Answer 9

First one are normal RBCs

Next one is Sickle Cell

Question 10

What is ankyrin?

Answer 10

Links spectrin - actin network and plasma membrane by binding to spectrin and transmembrane protein

Question 11

what are the charactetistics of neutralphils

Answer 11

Active amoeboid phagocytes contain

• small. numerous specfifc granules contains lysozume and other proteases
• Large less numerous azurophillic granules (elastase and myeloperoxidase)

Secrete a class of enzymes capable of destroying certain bacteria formaion of free radical super oxide) as well as the release of lysomzyme and lactoferrin which destroy bacteria walls (1ST RESPONDERS)

Question 12

What are the characteristics of basophils

Answer 12

Contain

• Vasoactive substances
  
  • serotonin
  • Heparin (ANTI coagulent)
  • Kallikren (attracts eosinophils)
• Produce leukotriens
  
  • increases vasuclar permeavility
  • slows contraction of smooth muscles

Question 13

What are the characteristics of Eosinophils?

Answer 13

• Major basic protein
  
  • distrupts parasite membranes
  • causes basophils to release histamine
• Peroxidase
• cationic proteins
  
  • neutralizez heparin and is anti parasitic

Respond in allergic dieases and parasitic infections

phagocytize antibody antigens complex and parasites

Question 14

What is this?

Answer 14

LARGE NUCLEUS

B lymphocyte = precursor Plasma cell

T lymphovyte = precursor T lymphocytes

Question 15

What are the characteristics of a monocytes

Answer 15

Largest Leukocutes

Eccentrically located, kidney shaped nucleus

granular cutoplasm due to small lysosomes

precursor macrophages and osteoclasts

Question 16

What are the characteristics of platelets

Answer 16

• Enhance aggregation of release of factors
• promote clot formation, retract, and dssolution
• Adhesion of platelets involve integrins
• platelets release thromboaxane which increase platelet aggreation
• endothelial cells release prostacyclin which decreases platelet aggregation

Question 17

What is hemostatsis and how does it occur (step wise)?

Answer 17

It is the elimination of bleeding

ACcumulation of blood in tissues is a hematoma

Steps

1. constriction of smooth muscle around vessels
2. constrictions of vessels
3. slowling of blood
4. formation of platelet plug
5. blood clotting (coagulation)

Question 18

How does a platelet plug form?

Answer 18

Plates dont adhere to endothelial cells of BV

1. an injury disrupts endothelial lining and exposes underlying collagen fibers
2. platelets adhere to collagen release contents and there is a conversion of arahidonic acid to thromboaxane A2 which stimulates more platelet aggregation
3. ADP and other released contents cause more aggregatoon = plug

Vonwillebrand factor is a plasma protein released from Weibel - palade bodies in endothelial cells that adhere platelets to walls of damaged bv

Question 20

How does the entrinsic process go?

Answer 20

Tissue injury (releases thromboplastin

Thromboplastin activates factor V

activated factor V and Ca2+

Factor X activation

Question 21

What is leukocyte extravasion?

Answer 21

activation of cytokinese relaesded by mast cells,platlets, or damaged tissue

2 steps

ROlling - selectin (CRD) binding to sialyl Lewis X antigen on Leukocye membrane

Transendothelial migration - Integrins (beta1 and Beta 2) on leukocyte bind to Vcam and ICAM 1/2 on endothelial membrane

Question 22

What is erythoblastosis?

Answer 22

antibody induced hemolytic dieases b/w new born and mother

fetus inherits RBC antigenic determinate (ABO and Rh)

1. first pregancy - Rh exposure creates IgM is too large to pass through placenta so NO ERYTHROBLASTOSIS
2. 2nd+ pregancy - Rh exposure creaes D antigen which is transmissable and causes erythoblastosis

Hemolysisin Erythoblasts

hemolytic anemia which cause hypoxic injury to heart and liver looking to generalized edema

Jaundice damage to CNS

hyperbilirubinemia

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