Exam 3 - Immune and Lymp 1 Flashcards
What is the difference between innate and acqured immunity ?
- Innate immunitity
- lacks imune specificity and memory
- response = inflammation
- neutrophils are the first responders
- Acquired immunity
- develops in response to antigens
- more powerful than innate immunity
- takes longer to develope
- displays specficity and memory
What is the difference b/w passive and acitve immunity?
- Passive immunity
- temportary immunity due to donated antibodies
- Transplacental passing of maternal antibodies to fetus
- Active immunity
- permenant and long lasting immnity due to self exposure to antigen resulting in memory T cells and B cells specific for antigen

What is the difference between primary and secondary immune tissue organs
- Primary
- thymus and bone marrow
- precusor cells mature into Immunocompetent cells. Each cell is program to recongize a specific antigen
- Secondary
- Lymp nodes, spleen tonsils
- Trapped antigens stilumalte clonal expansions of mature T and B cells
- L. cells mature in primary and reside in secondary
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What are the characteristics of primary lymph follicles and compare with secondary lymph follicle
- Primary follicles (nodules)
- Are spherical, tightly packed accumulation of virgin B cells and dendritic reticular cells that have not been exposed to antigens
- Secondary follicles (nodules)
- are dervived from primary follicles that have been exposed to nonself antigens
- not present at birth
- Structure
- corona (Cortex)
- darker peripheral region
- composed of densely packed B lymphocytes
- Germinal center
- central, lighter stained regions
- composed of B lymphoctes, memory B cells, lpasma cells , dendritic reticular cells which function as antigen presenting cells
- corona (Cortex)
- Structure
- Similiarlities
- Are not enclosed within a capsuk
- occur singly or in aggregates
- Sites of B cell localization and proliferation
- transient
- Vascular suppliy
- arteriole and venule supply the cortex
- another arteriole and venue supply center
- lymph capillaries are not present
What is te function of the MHC and compare the two subdivisions with the MHC?
MHC “ major histocompatibiltiy complex”
- Function
- THe MHC gene products help present antigenic peptides to T cells
- Class
- MHC 1
- Expressed on the surface of all cells except trophoblast and red blood cells
- CD8+ T cells recongized foreign proteins bount to class 1 MHC
- CD8+ and T cell antigen receptor is required for MHC 1 protein fragments
- MHC 2
- expressed on the surface of B cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
- CD4+ T cells recongize peptides bound to MHC class 2 proteins on surface of APCs
- MHC 1
What is a CD4+ T cell?
- Pre-T cells develop in bone marrow
- Travel to thymus and complete maturation
- CD4 + cells
- Recongize antigens bound to MHC class II molecule
- helper cells
- assist CD8+ cell differentation
- assist B cell differentiation
What is a CD8+ T cell?
- Pre-T cells develop in bone marrow
- Travel to thymus and complete maturation
- CD8 + Cells
- Cytolyic T cells
- Bind to an antigen presenting cell
- Undergo mitosis
- Release:
- perforins
- fas ligand
- Recongize antigens bound to MHC class 1 molecules
- mediators of cellular immunity
What is a CD16+ T cell?
- Pre-T cells develop in bone marrow
- Travel to thymus and complete maturation
- CD 16+ Cells
- Natural killer (NK) T cells
- activated (by tumor cell antigens) T helper cells release cytokines
- interleukin-2
- stimultes proliferation of NK cells
- Interferon-y
- activates Nk cells
- Macrophage activating factor (MAF)
- Activates Macrophages
- Chemotactic Factor
- Tumor necrosis factor
- killer tumor cells directly
- interleukin-2
How do the T helper cell, macro phages, B cells and MHC complex work together in the immune response?
- macrophages phagocytizes foeign material
- foreign proteins are broken down into fragements which have antigenic properties (epitopes)
- Antigens are expressed on surface of macrophage bound to MHC 2
- MHC 2-Antigen Complex is is presented to helper T cell
- ACtivted T cell undergoes mitosis
- some daughter cells become memory cells
- some daughter cells secrete interleukins
- T cells attract B cells
- B cells cells have access to free antigens
- B cells undergo mitosis
- some daughter cells become plasma cells
- secrete appropriate antibodies
- Some daughter cells become memory cells
- some daughter cells become plasma cells

What are the steps in the complement cascade?
- Compement system is an array of abour 20 serum proteins synthesized in the liver and in the blood
- classical pathway
- activated by antibody binding to a pathogen
- alternating pathway
- cascade directl activated by pathoen
- both facilites inFlammatory responses
- both involves coating the pathogen with complement iniating cascade
- c1q binds to FC on Ig
- activtes c1r
- activates c1s
- initates complement cascade
- activates c1s
- activtes c1r
- C1s
- C4
- C4a + C4b
- C4
- C4 binds to surface of pathogen
- C1s
- c2
- c2a +c2b
- c2
- C2b binds to c4b
- c4b-c2b comlpex = c3 (convertase)
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- c4b-c2b comlpex = c3 (convertase)
- C4b-C2b
- c3
- c3a and c3b
- c3
- multiple cb3 binds to c3 convertase
- c2b-c4b-c3b complex = (c5 convertase)
- c5 binds to c3b
- c5a + c5b
- when c6, c7, c8, c9 are added to complex they form pores in the membrane
What is the most important Opsonin?
c3b
What are the results of the complement cascade?
- the activation of emmrbane attack complex (MAC) on the pathogen leading to perforations and lysis
- Production of opsonins which are coatings that make antigens more plataable to phagocytes
- release chemotactic agens (chemokines) to attach phagocytes (via chemo taxis) to areas of infection or inflammation
WHat is the stroma?
- Consists mostly of rectivular fibers and cells, including undifferentiated cells and fixed and free mactophages
What is the parenchyma
- consists of the cells that typicaly pack areas of the lymphoid organ
- most lymphocytes
What are the histological features of the lymph node?
- Hillus
- Capsule
- dense collagen fibers, some elastic, and smooth muscle fibers
- Trabeculae
- Cortex
- outer
- Contains lymph follicles (nodules)
- follicles
- Contains
- b cells
- follicular dendritic cells
- migrating dendritic cells
- secondary
- mantle
- germinal center
- Primary
- lack mantle and germinal center
- Contains
- Deep (inner)
- Th cells , macrophages
- high endothelial venules (HEVs)
- port of entry for cirulating differentiated lymphocytes to seed lymph node
- outer
- Medulla
- irregular arrangement of loose medullary sinuses and dense medullary cords
- sinuses are lined with macrophages
- cords consists of blood vessels, lymphoblasts, and plasma cells
- Site of lymphocyte renetry into lymph stream
- thymic-dependent areas in subcortical and deeper medullary regions
- irregular arrangement of loose medullary sinuses and dense medullary cords

What is the arrangment of lymph and blood vessels in relation to the lymph node ?
- Hillus
- Entrey and exit point for vessels
- efferent lymphatic vessels, arteries, and veins enter/leave through the hilus
- afferent ymphatic vessels, arteries, and veins enter the convex side of the node
- Entrey and exit point for vessels
- Capsule
- dense collagen fibers, some elastic, and smooth muscle fibers
- Trabeculae
- Cortex
- outer)\
- follicles
- Deep (inner)
- Medulla
- irregular arrangement of loose medullary sinuses and dense medullary cords
- sinuses are lined with macrophages
- cords consists of blood vessels, lymphoblasts, and plasma cells
- Site of lymphocyte renetry into lymph stream
- thymic-dependent areas in subcortical and deeper medullary regions
- irregular arrangement of loose medullary sinuses and dense medullary cords

What is the sigificance of HEVs?
- High endothelial venules (HEVs)
- Port of entry for circulating differentiated lymphocytes to seed lymph node
What is the histological organization of the thymus?
- Capsule
- blood vessels
- efferent lymphatics are present
- afferent lyphatic not present ( no lymph circulates throught the thymus)
- Trabeculae (septa)
- delicate CT
- Divide the thymus into incomplete lobules
- Lobules
- Cortex (darkstaining)
- epithelial reticular cells = secreation of thymosin
- T cells in various stages of differentiation
- thymocytes migrate from cotrical to medullary areas
- blood vessels surrounded by continous epithelial barrier
- allows thymus to maintain lymphopoiesis while segregated from antigens
- Medulla (light staining)
- Specialized to allow entry channel into blood stream of mature lymphocytes
- capillary beds are not sheathed by epithelial cells
- hassalls corpuscles
- Cortex (darkstaining)
What is the major characteristics of the thymus?
no lymph follicles (nodules)
no afferent lymph vessels
no lymph sinuses
Where does thymosin come from?
Epithelial reticular cells in the cortex of lobules from the thymus
How does the epithelial barrier relate to the surrounding blood vessels in the thymus ?
- LobulesCortex (darkstaining)
- blood vessels surrounded by continous epithelial barrier
- allows thymus to maintain lymphopoiesis while segregated from antigens
- blood vessels surrounded by continous epithelial barrier
- Medulla (light staining)
- capillary beds are not sheathed by epithelial cells
What is a hassall corpuscle?
hassalls corpuscleswhorls of highly keratinized medullary epithelial cellsproduce cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin
stimulates thymic dendritic cells needed for maturation of single positive T cells
How does a T cell change as it moves through the Thymus -> subscapular space -> outer cortex -> inner cortex -> medulla ?
- Double negative T cells
- lack cell surface molecule of typical mature T cells
- enters cortex form blood vessels
- Proliferate in subscapular area
- Double positive T cells
- Confronted with epithelial cells with cell surface MHC classes I and II for clonal selection
- Express both CD4 and CD8 coreceptors and TCR receptors
- Single Postive T cells
- Express TCR receptors and either CD4 and CD8 coreceptors
- Clonal deletion is completed in the medulla






















