Exam 3 - Immune and Lymp 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between innate and acqured immunity ?

A
  • Innate immunitity
    • lacks imune specificity and memory
    • response = inflammation
    • neutrophils are the first responders
  • Acquired immunity
    • develops in response to antigens
    • more powerful than innate immunity
    • takes longer to develope
    • displays specficity and memory
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2
Q

What is the difference b/w passive and acitve immunity?

A
  • Passive immunity
    • temportary immunity due to donated antibodies
    • Transplacental passing of maternal antibodies to fetus
  • Active immunity
    • permenant and long lasting immnity due to self exposure to antigen resulting in memory T cells and B cells specific for antigen
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3
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary immune tissue organs

A
  • Primary
    • thymus and bone marrow
    • precusor cells mature into Immunocompetent cells. Each cell is program to recongize a specific antigen
  • Secondary
    • Lymp nodes, spleen tonsils
    • Trapped antigens stilumalte clonal expansions of mature T and B cells
  • L. cells mature in primary and reside in secondary
    *
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4
Q

What are the characteristics of primary lymph follicles and compare with secondary lymph follicle

A
  • Primary follicles (nodules)
    • Are spherical, tightly packed accumulation of virgin B cells and dendritic reticular cells that have not been exposed to antigens
  • Secondary follicles (nodules)
    • are dervived from primary follicles that have been exposed to nonself antigens
    • not present at birth
      • Structure
        • corona (Cortex)
          • darker peripheral region
          • composed of densely packed B lymphocytes
        • Germinal center
          • central, lighter stained regions
          • composed of B lymphoctes, memory B cells, lpasma cells , dendritic reticular cells which function as antigen presenting cells
  • Similiarlities
    • Are not enclosed within a capsuk
    • occur singly or in aggregates
    • Sites of B cell localization and proliferation
    • transient
  • Vascular suppliy
    • arteriole and venule supply the cortex
    • another arteriole and venue supply center
    • lymph capillaries are not present
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5
Q

What is te function of the MHC and compare the two subdivisions with the MHC?

MHC “ major histocompatibiltiy complex”

A
  • Function
    • THe MHC gene products help present antigenic peptides to T cells
  • Class
    • MHC 1
      • Expressed on the surface of all cells except trophoblast and red blood cells
      • CD8+ T cells recongized foreign proteins bount to class 1 MHC
        • CD8+ and T cell antigen receptor is required for MHC 1 protein fragments
    • MHC 2
      • expressed on the surface of B cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
      • CD4+ T cells recongize peptides bound to MHC class 2 proteins on surface of APCs
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6
Q

What is a CD4+ T cell?

A
  • Pre-T cells develop in bone marrow
  • Travel to thymus and complete maturation
  • CD4 + cells
    • Recongize antigens bound to MHC class II molecule
    • helper cells
      • assist CD8+ cell differentation
      • assist B cell differentiation
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7
Q

What is a CD8+ T cell?

A
  • Pre-T cells develop in bone marrow
  • Travel to thymus and complete maturation
  • CD8 + Cells
    • Cytolyic T cells
    • Bind to an antigen presenting cell
    • Undergo mitosis
    • Release:
      • perforins
      • fas ligand
    • Recongize antigens bound to MHC class 1 molecules
    • mediators of cellular immunity
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8
Q

What is a CD16+ T cell?

A
  • Pre-T cells develop in bone marrow
  • Travel to thymus and complete maturation
  • CD 16+ Cells
    • Natural killer (NK) T cells
    • activated (by tumor cell antigens) T helper cells release cytokines
      • interleukin-2
        • stimultes proliferation of NK cells
      • Interferon-y
        • activates Nk cells
      • Macrophage activating factor (MAF)
        • Activates Macrophages
      • Chemotactic Factor
      • Tumor necrosis factor
        • killer tumor cells directly
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9
Q

How do the T helper cell, macro phages, B cells and MHC complex work together in the immune response?

A
  1. macrophages phagocytizes foeign material
  2. foreign proteins are broken down into fragements which have antigenic properties (epitopes)
  3. Antigens are expressed on surface of macrophage bound to MHC 2
  4. MHC 2-Antigen Complex is is presented to helper T cell
  5. ACtivted T cell undergoes mitosis
    1. some daughter cells become memory cells
    2. some daughter cells secrete interleukins
  6. T cells attract B cells
  7. B cells cells have access to free antigens
  8. B cells undergo mitosis
    1. some daughter cells become plasma cells
      1. secrete appropriate antibodies
    2. Some daughter cells become memory cells
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10
Q

What are the steps in the complement cascade?

A
  • Compement system is an array of abour 20 serum proteins synthesized in the liver and in the blood
  • classical pathway
    • activated by antibody binding to a pathogen
  • alternating pathway
    • cascade directl activated by pathoen
  • both facilites inFlammatory responses
  • both involves coating the pathogen with complement iniating cascade
  1. c1q binds to FC on Ig​
    1. activtes c1r
      1. activates c1s
        1. initates complement cascade
  2. C1s
    1. C4
      1. C4a + C4b
  3. C4 binds to surface of pathogen
  4. C1s
    1. c2
      1. c2a +c2b
  5. C2b binds to c4b
    1. c4b-c2b comlpex = c3 (convertase)
      __________________
  6. C4b-C2b
    1. c3
      1. c3a and c3b
  7. multiple cb3 binds to c3 convertase
    1. c2b-c4b-c3b complex = (c5 convertase)
  8. c5 binds to c3b
    1. c5a + c5b
  9. when c6, c7, c8, c9 are added to complex they form pores in the membrane
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11
Q

What is the most important Opsonin?

A

c3b

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12
Q

What are the results of the complement cascade?

A
  • the activation of emmrbane attack complex (MAC) on the pathogen leading to perforations and lysis
  • Production of opsonins which are coatings that make antigens more plataable to phagocytes
  • release chemotactic agens (chemokines) to attach phagocytes (via chemo taxis) to areas of infection or inflammation
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13
Q

WHat is the stroma?

A
  • Consists mostly of rectivular fibers and cells, including undifferentiated cells and fixed and free mactophages
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14
Q

What is the parenchyma

A
  • consists of the cells that typicaly pack areas of the lymphoid organ
  • most lymphocytes
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15
Q

What are the histological features of the lymph node?

A
  • Hillus
  • Capsule
    • dense collagen fibers, some elastic, and smooth muscle fibers
  • Trabeculae
  • Cortex
    • outer
      • Contains lymph follicles (nodules)
    • follicles
      • Contains
        • b cells
        • follicular dendritic cells
        • migrating dendritic cells
      • secondary
        • mantle
        • germinal center
      • Primary
        • lack mantle and germinal center
    • Deep (inner)
      • Th cells , macrophages
      • high endothelial venules (HEVs)
      • port of entry for cirulating differentiated lymphocytes to seed lymph node
  • Medulla
    • irregular arrangement of loose medullary sinuses and dense medullary cords
      • sinuses are lined with macrophages
      • cords consists of blood vessels, lymphoblasts, and plasma cells
    • Site of lymphocyte renetry into lymph stream
    • thymic-dependent areas in subcortical and deeper medullary regions
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16
Q

What is the arrangment of lymph and blood vessels in relation to the lymph node ?

A
  • Hillus
    • Entrey and exit point for vessels
      • efferent lymphatic vessels, arteries, and veins enter/leave through the hilus
      • afferent ymphatic vessels, arteries, and veins enter the convex side of the node
  • Capsule
    • dense collagen fibers, some elastic, and smooth muscle fibers
  • Trabeculae
  • Cortex
    • outer)\
    • follicles
    • Deep (inner)
  • Medulla
    • irregular arrangement of loose medullary sinuses and dense medullary cords
      • sinuses are lined with macrophages
      • cords consists of blood vessels, lymphoblasts, and plasma cells
    • Site of lymphocyte renetry into lymph stream
    • thymic-dependent areas in subcortical and deeper medullary regions
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17
Q

What is the sigificance of HEVs?

A
  • High endothelial venules (HEVs)
    • Port of entry for circulating differentiated lymphocytes to seed lymph node
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18
Q
A
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19
Q

What is the histological organization of the thymus?

A
  • Capsule
    • blood vessels
    • efferent lymphatics are present
    • afferent lyphatic not present ( no lymph circulates throught the thymus)
  • Trabeculae (septa)
    • delicate CT
    • Divide the thymus into incomplete lobules
  • Lobules
    • Cortex (darkstaining)
      • epithelial reticular cells = secreation of thymosin
      • T cells in various stages of differentiation
      • thymocytes migrate from cotrical to medullary areas
      • blood vessels surrounded by continous epithelial barrier
        • allows thymus to maintain lymphopoiesis while segregated from antigens
    • Medulla (light staining)
      • Specialized to allow entry channel into blood stream of mature lymphocytes
      • capillary beds are not sheathed by epithelial cells
      • hassalls corpuscles
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20
Q

What is the major characteristics of the thymus?

A

no lymph follicles (nodules)

no afferent lymph vessels

no lymph sinuses

21
Q

Where does thymosin come from?

A

Epithelial reticular cells in the cortex of lobules from the thymus

22
Q

How does the epithelial barrier relate to the surrounding blood vessels in the thymus ?

A
  • LobulesCortex (darkstaining)
    • blood vessels surrounded by continous epithelial barrier
      • allows thymus to maintain lymphopoiesis while segregated from antigens
  • Medulla (light staining)
    • capillary beds are not sheathed by epithelial cells
23
Q

What is a hassall corpuscle?

A

hassalls corpuscleswhorls of highly keratinized medullary epithelial cellsproduce cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin

stimulates thymic dendritic cells needed for maturation of single positive T cells

24
Q

How does a T cell change as it moves through the Thymus -> subscapular space -> outer cortex -> inner cortex -> medulla ?

A
  • Double negative T cells
    • lack cell surface molecule of typical mature T cells
    • enters cortex form blood vessels
    • Proliferate in subscapular area
  • Double positive T cells
    • Confronted with epithelial cells with cell surface MHC classes I and II for clonal selection
    • Express both CD4 and CD8 coreceptors and TCR receptors
  • Single Postive T cells
    • Express TCR receptors and either CD4 and CD8 coreceptors
  • Clonal deletion is completed in the medulla
25
How does Foxn1 and Aire genes differentiate T cells?
* Foxn1 is essential for the differntiation of thymic epithelial cells. * AIre promotes expressio of a portfolio of tissue specfic cells proteins by thymic medullary epithelial cells * mutation causes autoimmune polyendocrinepathy-canidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy
26
What is the difference between keratin 5+ and Keratin 18+ thymic epithelial cells
* Keratin 5+ * expressed by medullary thymic epithelial cells * Keratin 18+ * expressed by cortical thymic epithelial cells
27
What is the structure and the components of the blood thymus barrier?
* located in the thymic cortex * prevents blood from contaactinf developing T cells in thymic cortex * leakyness during fetal life can cause immunological tolerance to self antigen * Componets * endothelial * endothelial basal lamina * perivascular space * basal lamina of reticular cells * reticular cells * thymic parenchymal cells
28
What is the general histology of the spleen?
* White Pulp * Marginal Zone * Red Pulp
29
What is the function of the spleen?
30
How does the white pulp and the red pulp compare?
31
What are PALs?
T cell areas surrounding the central artery near the center of the pulp forms the periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS)
32
What are Billroth cords?
* Billroth cords form the red pulp parenchyma * contain various blood cells, plasma cells, and antigen presenting cells * terminal capillaries open directly into substance of cord (open circulation) * Macrophages destroy worn-out or defective red blood cells
33
What is the vascularization the spleen and movement of blood cells
* Vasculariation * splenic artery enters hilus * trabeular artieries branc off * central arieries * Adventita loosens and becomes mesh-like reticulum infiltration with lymphocytes * after cappilaries form, supplying white pulp, central artieries lose their white pulp investment and enter red pulp to form penicillus * penicillus * pulp arteriole, sheathed arteriole, and terminal capillary * ins * venous sinuses are lined with reticuloendothelial cells * drain into: * pulp veins which unite with * trabeular veins forming * splenic vein which * exits at hilus
34
how do open and closed systems in the vascular drainage pattern differ?
* penicillus * pulp arteriole, sheathed ateriole, and terminal capillary * interceullar spaces (open system) * Venous sinuses lined with reticuloendothelial cells (closed system)
35
36
what is white pulp
* White Pulp = purple after staining * assoc. w/ arteries * zones od diffuse lymphoid tissue and germinal centers * site clonal expansion and antigen stimulated lymphocytes * b cells area contains secondary follicles * T cell areas surrounding the central artery near the center of the pulp * forms the periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS) * Reticular fibers are associated with fixed macrophages and support splenic pulp
37
What is the marginal layer
* Forms sinusoidal interface between red pup and white pulp * abundance antigen - presenting cells * lymphocytes first encounter antigens here * activated T-helper cells activate B cells here
38
What is the Red pulp?
* surrounds white pulp and makes up 80% of the spleen * functions to filter blood * contains large numbers of RBCs and other blood elements * Billroth cords * Vensous sinusoids
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