Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochemistry > Lecture 11.5.14-11.7.14 (Exam #4) > Flashcards

Lecture 11.5.14-11.7.14 (Exam #4) Flashcards

1
Q

Redox Reaction is also known as

A

oxidation reduction reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Redox Reactions

A

reactions that are concerned with the transfer of electrons between species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Oxidation (4)

A

loss electrons
loss hydride
loss of energy
exothermic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Reduction (4)

A

gain electrons
gain hydride
gain of energy
endothermic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Oxidation reactions are_______ while reduction reactions are ________

A

spontaneous; nonspontaneous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Acids_____protons. Acid______electrons.

A

donate/accept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bases____protons.Bases____electrons.

A

accept/donate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does SHE stand for?

A

Standard Hydrogen Electrode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the purpose of SHE?

A

an electrode that is the basis for the thermodynamic scale of oxidation-reduction potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The abbreviation for SHE is

A

H+/H2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Examples of mobile carriers of electrons (2)

A

Cytochrome C; Q membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Examples of prosthetic groups (3)

A

FAD; heme; iron sulfur clusters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Example of redox couples

A

NADH/NAD+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Reduction potential

A

Eo
ability to reduce (how well one substance reduces another)
electrochemical concept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A + reduction potential is spontaneous or non-spontaneous?

A

spontaneous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens if electrons flow toward/away from SHE

A

towards from SHE= negative voltage (nonspontaneous)

away from SHE= positive voltage (spontaneous)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The reducing agent is ___

A

reductant that loses electrons and is oxidized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The oxidizing agent is_____

A

oxidant that gains electrons and is reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

A - reduction potential has a ___affinity for electrons than SHE. It is an electron___.

A

lower;donor

reductant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Reductant

A

the donor of electrons than can reduce any compound with a less negative voltage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

A + reduction potential has a ____affinity for electrons than SHE. It is an electron___.

A

higher; acceptor

oxidant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Oxidant

A

acceptor of electrons that can oxidize any compound with a less positive voltage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

In the ETC, NADH ____ electrons eventually to____.

A

donates; O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The inner membrane matrix is the______side of the mitochondria.

A

negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The cytoplasmic membrane matrix is the____side of the mitochondria.

A

positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

NAD+ is coenzyme or prosthetic group.

A

coenzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

FAD is a coenzyme or prosthetic group.

A

prosthetic group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

delta E0

A

standard reduction potential difference between 2 half reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

equation for delta E0 (measured in volts)

A

delta E0=E0 (acceptor/oxidant)-E0 (donor/reductant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How do electrons flow in the ETC?

A

down their gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Electrons move from a carrier that is a ______towards carriers that are_____.

A

reductant(high r.p)/oxidants(low r.p)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How is the ETC a very efficient process?

A

Stepwise recovery of energy from oxidation of NADH and FADH2 during respiration to generate ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The ETC transfers electrons to different protein complexes, while ____ are pumped to make a gradient.

A

hydrogen ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the complexes found in the ETC? (5)

A 
NADH reductase (complex 1)
Succinate Dehydrogenase (complex 2)
Cytochrome-c oxidoreductase (complex 3)
Cytochrome-c oxidase (complex 4)
ATP Synthase (complex 5)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Mobile Carriers in the ETC

A

Ubiquinone (Q) & Cytochrome C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

oxidative phosphorylation occurs where?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The driving force of oxidative phosphorylation is?

A

the electron transfer of NADH or FADH2 relative to that of O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What happens due to the electron flow through the complexes?

A

Leads to the transport of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How many ATPs per NADH

A

~3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How many ATPs per FADH2

A

~2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Q-Cycle

A

bring 2es to 1e transfer at a time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Order of electron transfer (7steps)

A

NADH-Complex 1- Q-Complex 3-Cytochrome C-Complex 4- O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

____is a mobile carrier of electrons to Complex 3

A

CoQ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Q pool

A

population of Q’s in the inner mitochondrial membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

cytochrome (4)

A

any protein with an iron heme prosthetic group, can be Fe3 or Fe2
participate in one electron transfer
absorb light at different wavelengths
transfer only 1 electron at a time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Flavoproteins

A

proteins that contain either FAD or FMN as a prosthetic group
can participate in either 1 or 2 electron transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Fe-S can only transfer ____ electrons and also involve ___ and ___. Why?

A

one; Fe2 and Fe3

Because of the close proximity of the iron atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Does Complex 2 transport protons?

A

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Which complexes transfer electrons to CoQ

A

Complex 1 & 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Cells use ___ to break down glucose and store its energy in molecules of ATP

A

oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

When can the energy in glucose be used by the cells

A

once it is stored as ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

The synthesis of ATP is coupled by?

A

oxidation of NADH and the reduction of O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

How is the positive free energy of ATP overcome?

A

the large negative free energy associated with proton flow down its gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Why can’t electrons be transferred directly from NADH to O2?

A

Because this allows the pumping of protons across the inner membrane that creates a gradient that eventually is responsible for the production of ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Electron Carriers of the ETC (5)

A 
NADH-Q reductase
Q
cytochrome reductase
cytochrome oxidase
cytochrome c
56
Q

Copper participates in ____ electron transfer

A

1

57
Q

FMN is similiar to FAD except?

A

it lacks the adenine nucleotide

58
Q

NADH is ______to NAD+

FAD is ______ to FADH2

A

oxidized; reduced

59
Q

Complex 1 and Complex 2 are located on the ____side, while Complex 3 and Complex 4 are located on the ____ side

A

matrix; cytoplasmic

60
Q

See Video about ETC

A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbJ0nbzt5Kw

61
Q

During the electron transport there is _____ of electrons and ____ pumping of protons

A

spontaneous

nonspontaneous

62
Q

Protons go back thru synthase____ while ATP is created ____

A

spontaneous

nonspontaneous

63
Q

Fe3+ is the ___ form while Fe2+ is the ___ form.

A

oxidized; reduced

64
Q

CoQ is hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

hydrophobic in the the tails of the lipid bilayer

65
Q

What are quinones?

A

compounds with a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure

66
Q

How is QH2 produced?

A

The quinone ring of CoQ can be reduced to quinol in a 2e reaction

67
Q

What is the prosthetic group of a cytochrome?

A

heme

68
Q

Where all can CoQ accept electrons from?

A

Complex 1
Complex 2
G3P Dehydrogenase

69
Q

Brief detail of Q cycle?

A

Q-(1e)->Q radical (semiquione radical)-(1e)->QH2

70
Q

Complex 4 is the only component of the ETC that can

A

interact with oxygen due to copper

71
Q

Oxygen is reduced to _____in complex 4, after the electrons are transfer from ____ to O2

A

water;cytochrome C

72
Q

Although it happens one at a time, each electron in Complex 4 is passed due which order. What is being pumped?

A

cytochrome c->CuA->heme a->heme a3->CuB (STOPS)

protons

73
Q

The O2 in complex 4 form what?

A

peroxide bridge between heme a3 and cuB

74
Q

What are the 2 enzymes that are scavengers of radical oxygens?

A

superoxide dismutase

cataylase

75
Q

What cleaves the peroxide bridge?

A

the addition of 2 more electrons and 2 more protons

76
Q

Complex 1

A

transfers e’s from NADH to quinone pool and pumps H+

77
Q

Complex 2

A

transfers e’s from succinate to quinone pool

78
Q

Complex 3

A

transfers e’s from quinol to cytochrome c and pumps H+

79
Q

Complex 4

A

accepts e’s from cytochrome c, reduces O2 to H2O and pumps H+

80
Q

Complex 5

A

Harvests H+ gradient and regenerates ATP

81
Q

Acid = more or less protons

A

MORE

82
Q

gradient

A

difference in concentrations of molecules on either side of the membrane

83
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

difference in protons and charges on each side of the membrane

84
Q

____is the final electron acceptor, but then it is immediately _____to H2O

A

oxygen, reduced

85
Q

ATP synthase makes ATP based off of what theory?

A

Chemiosmotic theory

86
Q

What is the chemiosmotic theory?

A

the proton gradient is created by from the energy from electrons by pumping protons into the inner membrane space by complex 1,3,4

87
Q

The process of osmosis is spontaneous or nonspontaneous?

A

nonspontaneous

88
Q

How many hydrogen atoms have to flow through an ATP synthase to make ATP? What happens

A

3; There is a conformational change to produce ATP

89
Q

Proton Motive Force

A

protons have a thermodynamic tendency to return to the matrix

90
Q

Describe the experiment by Peter Mitchell (5)

A
  1. Complex 5 was placed in a membrane vesicle
  2. A known proton pump was placed in the vesicle (bacteriorhodopsin)
  3. Added ADP+Pi
  4. Shined UV light
  5. ATP produced
91
Q

What are the domains of ATP Synthase and where are they located?

A

Fo: inner mitochondrial membrane
F1: protrudes from the inner mitochondrial membrane into the matrix

92
Q

What is the function of Fo of ATP Synthase? Components?

A

Proton Translocation

C-C Ring

93
Q

What is the function of F1 of ATP Synthase?Components?

A

ATP Synthesis and Hydrolysis

3 alternating alpha and beta subunits

94
Q

What happens on the each subunits of the F1 region?

A

Alpha subunit: ADP can bind but no ATP made

Beta subunit: ATP is synthesized

95
Q

The conformational change of ATP Synthase is in response to?

A

the gamma rotation

96
Q

3 Steps of ATP Production

A

L:Loose (ADP+Pi bind)
T:Tight (ATP made)
O:Open (ATP released)

97
Q

How big is each rotation?

A

120 degrees

98
Q

What are the 2 ways to stop ATP Synthesis?

A

Uncoupler or a blocker

99
Q

What is the mechanism of an uncoupler?

A

prevents H+ from pumping to make ATP synthase instead H+ get into matrix another way

100
Q

Glyercol 3 PDH Shuttle

A

DHAP is reduced to G3P; NADH is oxidized to NAD+ [cytosol]

G3P-> DHAP; FAD is reduced to FADH2

101
Q

Malate Aspartate Shuttle (more energy efficient)

A

Step 1: L-Asp ->oxaloacetate->malate [cytosol]
alpha ketoglumarate->glutamic acid
NADH->NAD+
Step2: malate->oxaloacetate->L-Asp [matrix]
NAD+-> NADH
glutamic acid->alpha ketoglumarate

102
Q

What is a polymer of glucose?

A

glycogen

103
Q

Where is glucose most predominantly stored as glycogen?

A

muscle and liver

104
Q

Glucose stored in the liver/muscle is used for

A

bloodstream & glycolysis

105
Q

What is the purpose of glycogen phosphorylase?

A

to the cleavage of phosphorolytic cleavage of alpha 1,4 glycosidic leakage of glycogen
one G1P is released

106
Q

What serves as a prosthetic group for glycogen phosphorylase?

A

pyridoxal phosphate

107
Q

What is the role of PLP (derivative of vitamin B6)?

A

acid base catalysis

108
Q

NADH’s can not cross the mitochondrial membrane, so what mechanism is used?

A

Glycerol 3 Phosphate Shuttle

Malate Aspartate Shuttle

109
Q

During Malate Aspartate Shuttle as glu goes in what comes out? As alpha keto goes out what comes in?

A

aspartic acid; malate

110
Q

Enzyme: glycogen->G1P

A

glycogen phosphoylase

111
Q

Enzyme: G1P->G6P

A

phosphoglucomutase

112
Q

G6P can be transformed into what? (3)

A

G
PA
5-carbon sugar

113
Q

What part does the glycogen phosphorylase attack?

A

non-reducing end “C-4 side”

114
Q

What does PLP need?

A

5 glucose molecules

115
Q

Local reciprocal regulation

A

concentration within the cell itself

116
Q

Glycogen phosphorylase is _______

A

processive; it doesn’t dissociate and reassociate between each cut

117
Q

Debranching enzymes

A

have 2 independent active sites, consisting of residues in dif segments of a single polypeptide chain
establish alpha 1,6 linkage

118
Q

What are 2 debranching enzymes

A

transferase & glucosidase

119
Q

G1P->_____->glycogen

What is the enzyme used?

A

glycogen synthase

120
Q

When does regulation of glycogen phosphorylase work?

A

only when glycogen synthase does not

121
Q

What are the 2 forms of phosphorylase? What position do they to be in?

A

A(R state:active) and B(T state:inactive)

122
Q

What phosphorylase do muscle cells prefer? What puts this phosphorylase in the T and R?

A

B
AMP (put in R)
ATP and G6P (keep in T)

123
Q

What phosphorylase do liver cells prefer?

A

A

124
Q

Which phosphorylase has the phosphate?

A

A

125
Q

Who puts the phosphate on phosphorylase?

A

glycogen phosphorylase kinase

126
Q

Glycogenin

A

attaches glucose to Tyr to make a short polymer

127
Q

What is a futile cycle?

A

if we break and make glycogen at the same time

128
Q

What affects synthase activity?

A

ADP inhibits

G6P activates

129
Q

Types of Synthase

A

A(active: R) & B (inactive:T)

130
Q

What type of Synthase is found in muscles/liver?

A

muscles: A (make G)
liver: B (break G)

131
Q

What triggers the removal of phosphate?

A

insulin

132
Q

Hormones in the brain and pancreas?

A

brain: adrenaline (put Pi on)
pancreas: insulin (take Pi off) & glucagon (put Pi on)

133
Q

How do hormones tell a cell what to do?

A

via signal transduction

134
Q

Receptor

A

membrane bound protein that binds the ligand and causes signal

135
Q

Ligand

A

molecule that binds the receptor

Biochemistry (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions