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HTST 200 > Lecture 11 The Iranian Revolution > Flashcards

Lecture 11 The Iranian Revolution Flashcards

1
Q

How is the role of the clergy in much of the Muslim world described?

A

The role of the clergy isn’t rigidly hierarchical or organized.

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2
Q

What distinguishes access to the Quran in Sunni Islam?

A

In Sunni Islam, access to the holy word of the Quran is available to anyone who can read.

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3
Q

How is the clergy structured in Shi’a Islam?

A

The Shi’a faith has a more structured clergy.

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3
Q

Besides guiding faith, what other role does the clergy serve in traditional Islamic societies?

A

The clergy also plays the role of judges because Islam is not just a set of religious beliefs but also a source of law governing social and commercial interactions.

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4
Q

What is a key function of the clergy in interpreting Islamic laws?

A

The clergy serves as an interpreter of Islamic laws.

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5
Q

How is the ruler’s role circumscribed in a traditional Islamic society?

A

The ruler’s role is more circumscribed in a traditional society where identity is primarily religious.

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6
Q

What is the typical structure of a Western political system?

A

-Executive: enforces law

-Legislative: makes laws

-Judiciary: interprets the laws

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7
Q

What is the structure of a traditional political model in Islamic societies?

A

Clergy: source and interpreter of religious law

Executive

Legislative

Judiciary

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8
Q

What did Jamal al-Din al-Afghani argue about western liberalism and Islam?

A

He argued that western liberalism was compatible with Islam.

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8
Q

Who was Jamal al-Din al-Afghani?

A

Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (1838-1897) was one of the founders of Islamic Modernism.

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9
Q

How is the notion of “revolution” viewed in classical Islamic teaching?

A

The notion of “revolution” has an uneasy relationship with classical Islamic teaching.

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9
Q

According to Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, what was the main cause of the clash between Europe and Islam?

A

The clash was over imperialism and foreign intervention.

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9
Q

What challenges did Persia face in the 19th and early 20th centuries?

A

Persia lost territory and influence to the British and Russians.

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9
Q

How is the term “revolution” perceived in the English language?

A

The term is morally neutral and used in various contexts, such as “digital revolution.”

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9
Q

Does autocracy, corruption, or cruelty justify rebellion in classical Islamic teaching?

A

No, these traits do not justify rebellion.

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9
Q

What justifies a response against a ruler in classical Islamic teaching?

A

If a ruler is impious or godless, the response is not revolution but jihad (struggle or war against unbelievers).

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10
Q

What are the connotations of terms for “revolution” in Arabic?

A

-Al-fitnah: Translates to “temptation, trial; sedition, civil strife.”

-Al-riddah: Translates to “apostasy – the abandonment of religious belief.”

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10
Q

What was the role of the Majilis in the establishment of modern Iran?

A

Reza Khan worked in conjunction with the Majilis (National Assembly) to establish modern Iran.

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11
Q

How did modern Iran emerge under Reza Shah?

A

Modern Iran emerged as a secular nationalist response to the challenge of imperialism.

11
Q

Who overthrew the Qajar dynasty and when was Iran established?

A

Reza Khan, a brigadier general, overthrew the Qajars and established Iran on December 12, 1925.

12
Q

What reforms did Reza Shah institute?

A

Reza Shah instituted top-down reforms to modernize Iran and reduce the influence of the clergy.

13
Q

What event limited Reza Shah’s success?

A

The Second World War intervened, limiting his success.

13
Q

Which classes supported Reza Shah’s reforms?

A

His reforms garnered significant support from the upper and middle classes of Iran.

13
Q

Who succeeded Reza Shah after his abdication?

A

Reza Shah was succeeded by his son, Mohammad Reza Shah.

13
Q

Why did Reza Shah abdicate in August 1941?

A

Reza Shah abdicated due to his pro-Nazi sympathies, as the British and Soviets did not want to risk him supporting German plans after the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union.

14
Q

What was the political situation in Iran between 1941-1951?

A

Iranian politics faced a decade-long crisis, with the country jointly occupied by Britain and the Soviet Union until early 1946. Politics were factionalized, power devolved to the Majilis, governments couldn’t pass budgets, and cabinets rarely lasted a few months.

14
Q

What social divisions existed in Iran during Mohammad Reza Shah’s early reign?

A

Divisions between the new middle- and upper-classes and the Bazaar/peasant class, as well as splits between orthodox and fundamentalist clerics led by Ayatollah Kashani.

14
Q

What political factions emerged during this period?

A

The Tudeh (“masses”) Party, the Iranian communist party, and the National Front emerged.

15
Q

How was Mohammad Reza Shah initially perceived?

A

He was regarded as a lightweight, and the process of modernization launched by Reza Shah was incomplete.

16
Q

How did Mohammad Reza Shah consolidate power?

A

-Forced Soviet troops to leave northern Iran with U.S. backing.

-Managed the failed assassination attempt in 1949, temporarily arresting Ayatollah Kashani and breaking up the Tudeh Party.

-Deposed Dr. Mohammad Mosaddeq’s National Front government in a British and U.S.-backed coup in 1953.

-By 1960, his position appeared unassailable.

17
Q

What was the White Revolution?

A

Launched in 1963 under pressure from the Kennedy administration, it aimed to continue modernization and Westernization in Iran.

18
Q

What were the effects of the White Revolution on the Shi’ite clergy?

A

The death of Ayatollah Kashani in 1962 contributed to the rise of Ayatollah Khomeini, who began attacking the Shah’s policies and questioning the White Revolution’s direction.

18
Q

How did Mohammad Reza Shah respond to Ayatollah Khomeini’s criticism?

A

The Shah placed Khomeini under house arrest in 1963, triggering three days of riots and disturbances, which ultimately led to Khomeini’s exile.

19
Q

When did Mohammad Reza Shah proclaim himself emperor?

A

He proclaimed himself “emperor” of Iran on October 26, 1967.

20
Q

Why did the Shah’s retaliation against Khomeini escalate tensions?

A

The increasingly bitter war of words between the Shah and Khomeini highlighted opposition to the White Revolution, which was seen as an affront to Islamic tradition by Khomeini and his followers.

21
Q

What were Iran’s population statistics in 1956?

A

-Population: 18.9 million

-Population density: 12 people/km²

-Percent urban: 31.4%

21
Q

What were Iran’s population statistics in 1976?

A

-Population: 33.7 million

-Population density: 20 people/km²

-Percent urban: 47%

22
Q

What were Iran’s population statistics in 1966?

A

-Population: 25.8 million

-Population density: 16 people/km²

-Percent urban: 37.5%

22
Q

What caused the sharp increase in oil prices in 1973?

A

The OPEC Arab oil embargo led to a sharp increase in oil prices.

23
Q

What was the inflation rate in Iran due to the 1973 oil shocks?

A

Inflation reached 15%.

24
Q

How did the oil shocks affect state revenues and the Shah’s fortune?

A

Overall state revenues increased, largely benefiting the Shah and his extended family, who amassed a fortune estimated between $5-20 billion.

25
Q

What political restrictions existed under the Shah’s regime?

A

All political parties were banned except the Rastakhiz (“Resurgence”) Party, founded on March 2, 1975.

25
Q

What problems arose due to the oil shocks?

A

-Massive dislocations between urban and rural, rich and poor populations.

-Presence of well-paid foreign workers.

-Repressive policies of the Shah.

26
Q

Why was the clergy in a privileged position under the Shah?

A

The Shah refused to allow SAVAK agents to operate in the mosques.

26
Q

What backfired on the regime when they tried to discredit Khomeini?

A

A large protest occurred on January 7, 1978, in response to the regime’s efforts.

26
Q

What event made Khomeini the focal point of protests against the regime?

A

The death of Khomeini’s son, Mostafa, on October 23, 1977, allegedly due to a heart attack but suspected by many to be caused by SAVAK.

27
Q

What is the significance of Shi’ite Arba’een custom in protests?

A

Memorial services held 40 days after a person’s death led to a predictable pattern of protests and demonstrations.

HTST 200 (33 decks)

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