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HTST 200 > Lecture 07 - China's Communist Revolution > Flashcards

Lecture 07 - China's Communist Revolution Flashcards

1
Q

What did Huntington’s “Varieties of Revolution”(1983) argue about revolutions?

A

It argues that “true” revolutions only occur in “modernizing” or “transitioning”
societies.

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2
Q

What is the contrast of “Western” and “Eastern” regimes?

A

“Western”
-Weak, traditional regime (monarchy)
disintegrates with a minimum of force
exerted against it.

“Eastern”
-Narrowly-based but modernizing
regimes (imperial governments or
military dictatorships

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3
Q

What do “Western” regimes struggle with?

A

Struggle between moderates and
radicals to determine the scope of
revolutionary change.

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4
Q

What do “Eastern” regimes require?

A

Requires armed insurrection to
overthrow

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5
Q

What is the contrast of “Western” and “Eastern” in terms of transition?

A

“Western”
-Moves from urban to rural

“Eastern”
-Moves from rural to urban

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6
Q

When does emigration peak in a “Western” regime?

A

Emigration peaks at the beginnings of the process.

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7
Q

What happens to moderates in an “Eastern” regime?

A

Moderates join one side or the other or are eliminated

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8
Q

What is the contrast of “Western” and “Eastern” in terms of violence and terror?

A

“Western”
-Violence and terror in the later stages
(against moderates or other original
members of the revolutionary coalition)

“Eastern”
-Violence and terror at an earlier stage
Argues that “true” revolutions only occur in “modernizing” or “transitioning”
societies

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9
Q

What is the first segment of a Confucian social structure?

A

Scholar/gentry:
Landed and literate they
staff the royal
bureaucracy

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10
Q

What is the second segment of a Confucian social structure?

A

Farmers:
Produce food and
pay taxes

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11
Q

What is the third segment of a Confucian social structure?

A

Artisans:
Make beautiful and
useful objects

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12
Q

What is the fourth segment of a Confucian social structure?

A

Merchants:
Sell objects created
by peasants and
artisans

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13
Q

What event highlighted the differing paths of China and Japan in response to Western contact?

A

The Sino-Japanese War (1894-95).

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14
Q

What was the outcome of the Sino-Japanese War, and how did it affect China?

A

Japan achieved a decisive victory over the Qing Dynasty, leading to introspection within the dynasty and increased imperialist pressures.

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15
Q

What period of reform was attempted in the Qing Dynasty after the Sino-Japanese War?

A

The “Hundred Days of Reform” from June to September 1898.

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16
Q

Who resisted the “Hundred Days of Reform” in the Qing Dynasty?

A

The Dowager Empress, Cixi.

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17
Q

What was the Boxer Rebellion, and when did it take place?

A

The Boxer Rebellion was an anti-foreign, anti-Christian uprising that took place from 1899 to 1901.

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18
Q

How did the Qing Dynasty respond to the Boxer Rebellion?

A

The Qing Dynasty backed the Boxers and declared war on Western powers.

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19
Q

Who was Sun Yat-sen, and why is he significant in Chinese history?

A

Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925) was a key figure in the discussion of reform beyond the Qing Dynasty, advocating for modernization and republicanism in China.

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20
Q

How did the outcome of the Boxer Rebellion impact the reform movement in China?

A

The defeat in the Boxer Rebellion pushed the discussion of reform beyond the Qing Dynasty, eventually leading to a broader push for modernization and political change.

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21
Q

What are the Three People’s Principles proposed by Sun Yat-sen?

A

The principles are Minzu (Nationalism), Minquan (Democracy), and Minsheng (People’s Welfare).

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21
Q

What is the Principle of Minzu in the Three People’s Principles?

A

Minzu represents “nationalism” and focuses on populism or “the people’s rule/government.”

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22
Q

What does the Principle of Minquan stand for?

A

Minquan represents “democracy” or “The People’s Power.”

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23
Q

What is the focus of the Principle of Minsheng?

A

Minsheng focuses on “The People’s Welfare” or livelihood, promoting a kind of social welfare.

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24
Q

Who proposed the Three People’s Principles, and where is this information sourced from?

A

The Three People’s Principles were proposed by Sun Yat-sen.

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25
Q

What was the Qing Dynasty’s plan to reform the Empire in 1911?

A

The Qing Dynasty attempted to centralize power back into the hands of the government, but this effort was weakened by financial issues.

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26
Q

How did the Chinese Republican Revolution of 1911 begin?

A

It began accidentally on October 9, 1911, in the city of Wuhan when rebels seized control of the city and invited others to join them.

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27
Q

Why was the Qing Dynasty unable to respond effectively to the 1911 Revolution?

A

The Qing was hampered by financial weakness and a lack of support from Western powers, who many had assumed would back the Qing authority.

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28
Q

Who did both the Qing Dynasty and foreign powers turn to for restoring order in 1911?

A

They turned to Yuan Shikai (1859-1916) to restore order.

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29
Q

What was significant about the election in Nanjing in December 1911?

A

Sun Yat-sen was elected president, marking a shift toward republicanism.

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29
Q

Why was Sun Yat-sen’s position as president limited after his election?

A

Sun Yat-sen lacked control of an army or any military forces, making it difficult to challenge the warlords’ power.

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30
Q

What marked the end of the Qing Dynasty in February 1912?

A

Empress Dowager Longyu abdicated, officially ending the Qing Dynasty and proclaiming a republican government.

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31
Q

What was the significance of Empress Dowager Longyu’s abdication?

A

It signified the end of imperial rule in China and the establishment of a republican government.

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32
Q

What type of government followed the fall of the Qing Dynasty?

A

A series of weaker central governments took power after the fall of the Qing.

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33
Q

What political party did Sun Yat-sen establish on August 25, 1912, and for what purpose?

A

Sun Yat-sen formed the Guomindang (GMD) to oppose Yuan Shikai’s government in elections.

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34
Q

What was the result of the Guomindang in the first National Assembly election in February 1913?

A

The Guomindang won an overwhelming majority, but Yuan Shikai ignored the parliament.

35
Q

How did the First World War impact China?

A

It led to a revival of Japanese imperialism and increased pressure on China.

36
Q

What were the “Twenty-One Demands” made by Japan on January 8, 1915?

A

They were demands for greater control over Chinese territory and resources, pressuring China’s sovereignty.

37
Q

What event marked the beginning of the Warlord Era in China?

A

The death of Yuan Shikai in 1916 led to the start of the Warlord Era (1916-1928).

38
Q

When did China declare war during World War I, and what was its significance?

A

China declared war in August 1917, aligning with the Allies in hopes of regaining control over its territories.

39
Q

What was the May Fourth Movement, and what sparked it?

A

The May Fourth Movement was a protest against the Paris Peace Conference’s decision to transfer the German concession in Shandong to Japan, instead of returning it to China.

39
Q

Which port did Italy retain as part of the Paris Peace Conference decisions, and when did Italy acquire it?

A

Italy retained the port of Tianjin, which it acquired following the Boxer Rebellion.

40
Q

What event created the conditions for the formation of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921?

A

The failure of the May Fourth Movement and a revival of Chinese nationalism.

41
Q

When and why was the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) founded?

A

The CCP was founded in July 1921 to create a model for making China rich and strong, inspired by the USSR.

42
Q

Why did Chinese communists look to the USSR as a model?

A

They admired the USSR’s model for equality, social justice, and the creation of a new state under Lenin

43
Q

How did Confucian culture influence the appeal of Marxism in China?

A

Confucian culture’s values aligned with Marxism’s promise of a complete understanding of the world and society.

44
Q

What was the Sun-Joffe Manifesto, and what did it lead to in 1923?

A

The Sun-Joffe Manifesto was an agreement between the Soviet Union and the GMD, leading to a unified effort by the Comintern, the GMD, and the CCP to unify China.

45
Q

How did Sun Yat-sen’s death in 1925 affect the Chinese nationalist movement?

A

Sun Yat-sen’s death created an opportunity for Chinese nationalists to pursue unification by force, with Sun becoming a martyr figure.

46
Q

What was the May the Twentieth Movement in 1925, and where did it occur?

A

The May the Twentieth Movement was a nationalist protest movement in Shanghai in 1925.

47
Q

What kind of support did the Soviet Union provide to the CCP and GMD during this period?

A

The Soviet Union provided material and financial aid to support their unification efforts in China.

48
Q

What was the political situation in northern China during this time?

A

Northern China was experiencing political chaos, which contributed to the urgency for national unification.

49
Q

What was the Northern Expedition, and when did it take place?

A

The Northern Expedition was a military campaign led by the GMD from 1926 to 1928 to reunify China.

50
Q

Who led the GMD force that reached Wuhan during the Northern Expedition, and what did they establish?

A

Wang Jingwei led the GMD force to Wuhan, where he declared the establishment of the Nationalist government in January 1927.

51
Q

Which GMD leader reached Nanjing in March 1927, and what action did he take against the leftists?

A

Chiang Kai-shek reached Nanjing and moved against Wang Jingwei and the leftist faction within the GMD.

52
Q

What argument did Chiang Kai-shek use to justify his actions against the leftists in the GMD?

A

Chiang argued that the leftist faction had betrayed the Three People’s Principles by taking orders from the Soviet Union.

53
Q

What was the outcome of the April 7, 1927, GMD meeting regarding communist influence?

A

The meeting declared communist ideology and influence as socially and economically disruptive, leading to a purge of Communists.

54
Q

What event began on April 12, 1927, and what is it also known as?

A

The purge of Communists began on April 12, 1927, known as the Shanghai Massacre.

55
Q

Approximately how many people were killed during the Shanghai Massacre?

A

An estimated 25,000 people, including most of the CCP leadership, were killed in a matter of days.

56
Q

What did Mao Zedong and a small group of CCP survivors do following the Shanghai Massacre?

A

Mao Zedong and a handful of survivors fled to the mountains to escape the purge.

57
Q

What was the result of the Northern Expedition for Chiang Kai-shek?

A

Chiang Kai-shek extended control over much of eastern and central China.

58
Q

How did Mao Zedong and the CCP approach their revolution from 1930 to 1934?

A

Mao and the CCP conducted a “People’s War” in collaboration with the Red Army, mobilizing the peasantry to fight local militias and the GMD.

58
Q

What three stages of revolution did Chiang Kai-shek announce the GMD would follow?

A

The stages were military unification, political tutelage, and constitutional democracy, as approved by Sun Yat-sen.

59
Q

What role did the CCP play in Mao’s strategy during the Chinese Civil War?

A

The CCP served as the Vanguard, leading the revolutionary efforts alongside the Red Army.

59
Q

How did the Red Army contribute to Mao’s strategy?

A

The Red Army mobilized the peasantry to fight against local militias and GMD forces, effectively using guerrilla tactics.

60
Q

What action did Chiang Kai-shek take against the CCP’s growing influence?

A

Chiang launched multiple campaigns to suppress the communists.

61
Q

What was the Long March, and when did it occur?

A

The Long March was a strategic retreat by the CCP and the Red Army to evade the GMD, occurring from 1934 to 1935.

62
Q

What was the Xi’an Agreement, and why was it significant?

A

The Xi’an Agreement, signed in December 1936, established the “Second United Front” between the GMD and CCP to resist Japanese imperialism.

63
Q

How did the CCP’s approach differ from the GMD’s during the war years (1937-1945)?

A

The CCP waged a guerilla war in the countryside, limiting casualties and continuing policy implementation, while the GMD fought a conventional war in cities with higher casualties.

63
Q

What happened to the rivalry between the GMD and CCP after World War II?

A

The rivalry intensified after WWII, as both sides competed for control of China.

64
Q

Why did the GMD and CCP form the Second United Front in 1936?

A

They united in response to renewed Japanese imperialism threatening China.

65
Q

What challenges did the GMD face during World War II?

A

The GMD suffered from high casualties, corruption, and poor leadership, which weakened its position.

66
Q

Why was Manchuria significant in the post-war period?

A

Manchuria was occupied by the USSR, which allowed the CCP to access discarded Japanese weapons before the GMD could reoccupy the area.

67
Q

What was significant about the year 1947 in the Chinese Civil War?

A

Known as the “Year of Decision,” Stalin committed support to the CCP, while the US concluded that Chiang Kai-shek and the GMD were likely to lose.

68
Q

How did Soviet actions in Manchuria benefit the CCP?

A

Soviet troops allowed the CCP to claim Japanese weapons, strengthening their military capabilities.

69
Q

What did the US conclude about Chiang Kai-shek’s position in 1947?

A

The US concluded that Chiang Kai-shek and the GMD were unlikely to win against the CCP.

70
Q

What did the CCP recognize in 1949 regarding China’s transition to socialism?

A

The CCP recognized that the average Chinese citizen was not yet ready for a full transition to socialism.

71
Q

What core goals did the CCP’s rural base support after 1949?

A

The rural base supported goals of good governance, land reform, social justice, and peace.

72
Q

What was the “New Democracy” period, and when did it take place?

A

“New Democracy” was a transitional period from 1949-1953, modeled after Lenin’s NEP, intended to build popular support for socialism and develop China’s industrial base.

73
Q

Why did the CCP implement the “New Democracy” phase?

A

To give time to convince people of socialism’s benefits and to build the industrial base necessary for agricultural mechanization.

74
Q

What was the Great Leap Forward, and when did it begin?

A

The Great Leap Forward, from 1953-1960, was an initiative to transition China to socialism, focusing on collectivization and communal living.

75
Q

What was the First Five-Year Plan (1953-1958) aimed at?

A

The First Five-Year Plan aimed at industrial development and the collectivization of agriculture.

76
Q

How did communal living contribute to the goals of the Great Leap Forward?

A

Communal living was designed to break down traditional bonds and promote collective societal values.

77
Q

What social groups were targeted during the Great Leap Forward’s social revolution?

A

The landlord class and “bureaucratic capitalists” were targeted in the social revolution.

77
Q

Who rose to prominence, temporarily sidelining Mao Zedong in the CCP?

A

Liu Shaoqi rose to prominence, sidelining Mao Zedong, who was referred to as being “like Buddha on the shelf.”

77
Q

What influential publication was released in 1964 that reflected Mao’s thoughts?

A

“Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong,” also known as the “Little Red Book,” was published in 1964.

77
Q

What international rift influenced Mao’s policies and approach to the Cultural Revolution?

A

The Sino-Soviet Split influenced Mao’s approach, leading to a policy of self-reliance in China.

78
Q

What was the Cultural Revolution, and when did it begin?

A

The Cultural Revolution was a campaign initiated by Mao in 1966 to purge the CCP and restore revolutionary zeal, lasting until 1969 (or 1976, depending on the interpretation).

79
Q

What were the “Four Olds” that Mao sought to eliminate during the Cultural Revolution?

A

The “Four Olds” were old customs, old culture, old habits, and old ideas

79
Q

What was the primary goal of the Cultural Revolution?

A

The primary goal was to purge the CCP of perceived capitalist and traditional elements and to recapture the revolutionary spirit among the Chinese people.

HTST 200 (15 decks)

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