Lecture 11

Question 1

Normal end feel knee extension

Answer 1

soft tissue stretch, firm

Question 2

Normal end feel knee flexion

Answer 2

soft tissue approximation

Question 3

Degrees of Freedom for Knee

Answer 3

Sagittal plane, mediolateral axis
Transverse plane, longitudinal axis

Question 4

Knee flexion normative value

Answer 4

0-135°, PROM 150°

Question 5

Knee Extension normative value

Answer 5

0-15°

Question 6

Tibial Rotation

Answer 6

approximately 20° of total arc

Question 7

Gait on a level surface

Answer 7

60° of knee flexion

Question 8

Getting up from a chair

Answer 8

95-105° knee flexion

Question 9

Descending stairs

Answer 9

86-107°knee flexion

Question 10

Kneeling

Answer 10

144° knee flexion

Question 11

Putting on a sock

Answer 11

117° of knee flexion

Question 12

Riding a bike

Answer 12

90-100°

Question 13

Knee Flexion PROM/AROM

Answer 13

Axis: lateral femoral condyle
Stationary Arm: along lateral line of femur in line with greater trochanter
Moving arm: in line with lateral malleous

Question 14

Knee Extension PROM/AROM

Answer 14

Axis: lateral femoral condyle
Stationary Arm: along lateral line of femur in line with greater trochanter
Moving arm: in line with lateral malleous

might need to bolster ankle in order to extend fully

Question 15

Hamstring Length normative values

Answer 15

Males: 25-30°
Females 15-20°

Question 16

Screw-home mechanism

Answer 16

Approx 10° of tibal ER as the knee locks into extension

Due to shape of medial condyle, tension in ACL, lateral pull of quads

Contributes to increased joint congruency/stability, the popliteus assists in unlocking from knee extension

Question 17

Tibiofemoral Rotation

Answer 17

Can test at 30°, 90°, both supine/prone
maintain neutral DF/PF

Question 18

Documentation at Flex/Ext

Answer 18

0/Ext/Flex = hypo-extension
Ext/0/Flex = hyperextension

+ = hyper
- = hypo

Question 19

Gait Cycle

Answer 19

heel strike of 1 foot to heel strike of same foot
also known as a stride

Question 20

Stance Phase

Answer 20

the limb under consideration is in contact with the ground
60% of of gait cycle

Question 21

Swing Phase

Answer 21

the limb under consideration is not in contact with the ground
40% of gait cycle

Question 22

Stance Phase is made up of

Answer 22

Initial Contact
Loading Response
Mid Stance
Terminal Stance
Pre-swing

Question 23

Swing Phase is made up of

Answer 23

Initial Swing
Mid Swing
Terminal Swing

Question 24

Single Limb Support

Answer 24

80% of gait cycle, only one limb is in contact with ground

Question 25

Double Limb Support

Answer 25

20% of gait cycle, both limbs are in contact with ground

Question 26

Initial Contact

Answer 26

event that defines the beginning of the gait cycle

Question 27

Loading response

Answer 27

begins with initial contact and ends with contralateral toe off, when the opposite extremity leaves the ground

Question 28

Midstance

Answer 28

begins with contralateral toe off and ends when the center of gravity is directly over the reference foot

Question 29

Terminal stance

Answer 29

begins when the COG is over the supporting foot and ends when the contralateral foot contacts the ground. Heel rises from the ground

Question 30

Pre-swing

Answer 30

begins at contralateral initial contact and ends at toe off, at around 60% of gait cycle

Question 31

Initial Swing

Answer 31

begins at toe off and continues until max knee flexion occurs

Question 32

Mid-swing

Answer 32

period from maximum knee flexion until the tibia is vertical or perpendicular to the ground

Question 33

Terminal swing

Answer 33

begins where the tibia is vertical and ends at initial contact

Question 34

Double Support phases

Answer 34

initial contact loading response pre-swing

Question 35

Single support phases

Answer 35

mid stance terminal stance

Question 36

Step

Answer 36

heel strike on 1 side to heel strike on opposite side 1/2 a stride, 1 side to other

Question 37

Stride

Answer 37

right + left step, or 1 gait cycle. 1 side to same side

Question 38

Left step

Answer 38

stepping ONTO left

Question 39

Right step

Answer 39

stepping ONTO right

Question 40

Step length

Answer 40

distance between contact of one foot to successive contact of the other foot

Question 41

Stride Length

Answer 41

distance between two successive ground contacts of the same foot

Question 42

Step width

Answer 42

lateral distance between heel centers of two successive foot contacts

Question 43

Foot angle

Answer 43

amount of toe-out or toe-in relative to direction of movement also called foot progression angle

Question 44

Cadence

Answer 44

number of steps per minute, or step rate

Question 45

Stride time

Answer 45

time for a full gait cycle

Question 46

Walking Speed

Answer 46

distance covered/unit time

Question 47

Increasing Walking Speed

Answer 47

increasing stride length or increasing cadence both strategies are combined until reasonable stride length is reached, then cadence is increased

Question 48

Wider steps

Answer 48

wider base of support is equivalent to unstable gait

Question 49

Base of support

Answer 49

area beneath person that includes very point of contact that the person makes with the supporting surface

Question 50

Smaller steps

Answer 50

small width of steps is correlated to increased fall risk