Lecture 1: Intro to Vascular

Question 1

what is plaque?

Answer 1

fatty, waxy material that can lead to atherosclerosis

Question 2

which part of the vessel is the lumen?

Answer 2

the open part of the vessel where blood flows

Question 3

what is stenosis?

Answer 3

narrowing of an artery

Question 4

what is a bifurcation?

Answer 4

the point where vessels branch

Question 5

what is collateral circulation?

Answer 5

an alternate pathway for blood to flow

Question 6

what is an embolus?

Answer 6

a solid, liquid, or gas traveling in circulation that can cause occlusion

Question 7

what is hemodynamics?

Answer 7

the study of the characteristics of blood flow

Question 8

what is the doppler effect/shift?

Answer 8

a change in frequency due to motion

Question 9

what is spectral analysis?

Answer 9

analysis of the frequency shifts present in pulsed wave doppler signals

Question 10

what is velocity?

Answer 10

speed and direction of blood flow derived from the doppler shift

Question 11

where is peak systolic velocity on the waveform?

Answer 11

the highest point of the waveform

Question 12

where is the end diastolic velocity on a waveform?

Answer 12

the lowest point before the next systole

Question 13

what are the 3 branches of the aorta?

Answer 13

1. innominate/brachiocephalic artery
2. left common carotid artery
3. left subclavian artery

Question 14

what artery is the landmark for the right proximal CCA?

Answer 14

innominate artery

Question 15

where do the common carotids terminate?

Answer 15

at the carotid bifurcation

Question 16

where do the subclavian arteries terminate? what do they become?

Answer 16

thoracic outlet; become axillary artery

Question 17

the CCA is ___ to the trachea & thyroid

Answer 17

lateral

Question 18

the CCA is ___ to the IJV

Answer 18

medial

Question 19

the CCA usually bifurcates at the level of the ____

Answer 19

thyroid gland

Question 20

name the 4 segments of the ICA

Answer 20

1. cervical
2. petrous
3. cavernous
4. cerebral

Question 21

what are the branches of the ICA at the neck?

Answer 21

no branching at the neck

Question 22

the ICA supplies blood to: (4)

Answer 22

1. anterior part of brain
2. forehead
3. eyes
4. nose

Question 23

where does the ICA branch off to the ophthalmic artery?

Answer 23

carotid siphon

Question 24

where does the ophthalmic artery enter though?

Answer 24

optic foramen

Question 25

what are the 3 branches of the ophthalmic artery?

Answer 25

1. supraorbital a
2. frontal a
3. nasal a

Question 26

where are the terminal branches of the ICA? (2)

Answer 26

1. ACA
2. MCA

Question 27

what 3 structures does the ECA supply blood to?

Answer 27

1. face
2. scalp
3. neck

Question 28

how many branches does the ECA have?

Answer 28

8

Question 29

what is the first branch of the ECA after the bifurcation?

Answer 29

superior thyroid artery

Question 30

what is the branch of the ECA that supplies the forehead?

Answer 30

superficial temporal artery

Question 31

what branch of the ECA provides collateral circulation between the ECA & ICA if ICA is occluded?

Answer 31

superficial temporal artery

Question 32

why do collateral pathways develop?

Answer 32

pressure gradient changes

Question 33

chronic occlusion doesn’t allow collaterals to form. T/F?

Answer 33

false – acute occlusion

Question 34

pressure gradients change as distal pressure (increases/decreases)?

Answer 34

increases

Question 35

3 major pathways for collateral formation in the circle of willis

Answer 35

1. contralateral hemisphere
2. posterior to anterior/anterior to posterior
3. ECA to ICA

Question 36

collaterals can form when stenosis reaches ___%

Answer 36

50%