Lecture 1: Intro to Vascular Flashcards
what is plaque?
fatty, waxy material that can lead to atherosclerosis
which part of the vessel is the lumen?
the open part of the vessel where blood flows
what is stenosis?
narrowing of an artery
what is a bifurcation?
the point where vessels branch
what is collateral circulation?
an alternate pathway for blood to flow
what is an embolus?
a solid, liquid, or gas traveling in circulation that can cause occlusion
what is hemodynamics?
the study of the characteristics of blood flow
what is the doppler effect/shift?
a change in frequency due to motion
what is spectral analysis?
analysis of the frequency shifts present in pulsed wave doppler signals
what is velocity?
speed and direction of blood flow derived from the doppler shift
where is peak systolic velocity on the waveform?
the highest point of the waveform
where is the end diastolic velocity on a waveform?
the lowest point before the next systole
what are the 3 branches of the aorta?
- innominate/brachiocephalic artery
- left common carotid artery
- left subclavian artery
what artery is the landmark for the right proximal CCA?
innominate artery
where do the common carotids terminate?
at the carotid bifurcation
where do the subclavian arteries terminate? what do they become?
thoracic outlet; become axillary artery
the CCA is ___ to the trachea & thyroid
lateral
the CCA is ___ to the IJV
medial
the CCA usually bifurcates at the level of the ____
thyroid gland
name the 4 segments of the ICA
- cervical
- petrous
- cavernous
- cerebral
what are the branches of the ICA at the neck?
no branching at the neck
the ICA supplies blood to: (4)
- anterior part of brain
- forehead
- eyes
- nose
where does the ICA branch off to the ophthalmic artery?
carotid siphon
where does the ophthalmic artery enter though?
optic foramen
what are the 3 branches of the ophthalmic artery?
- supraorbital a
- frontal a
- nasal a
where are the terminal branches of the ICA? (2)
- ACA
- MCA
what 3 structures does the ECA supply blood to?
- face
- scalp
- neck
how many branches does the ECA have?
8
what is the first branch of the ECA after the bifurcation?
superior thyroid artery
what is the branch of the ECA that supplies the forehead?
superficial temporal artery
what branch of the ECA provides collateral circulation between the ECA & ICA if ICA is occluded?
superficial temporal artery
why do collateral pathways develop?
pressure gradient changes
chronic occlusion doesn’t allow collaterals to form. T/F?
false – acute occlusion
pressure gradients change as distal pressure (increases/decreases)?
increases
3 major pathways for collateral formation in the circle of willis
- contralateral hemisphere
- posterior to anterior/anterior to posterior
- ECA to ICA
collaterals can form when stenosis reaches ___%
50%
